NUR 356 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026

NUR 356 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026 Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - Answers physiological safety love/belonging esteem/respect self-actualization anxiety - Answers Paplau established 4 levels mild anxiety - Answers - tensions experienced daily - prepares for action and motivates - sharpens senses and environmental awareness coping mechanisms (1) - Answers behaviors that satisfy need for comfort (Menninger 1963) - yawning - nail biting - eating/drinking - exercise - fidgeting some more adaptive than others, each person finds their own moderate anxiety - Answers - as anxiety increases, awareness to environment decreases - decreased attention span - can attend to needs with direction - may need problem-solving assistance - increased muscular tension and restlessness - increases HR, RR, perspiration - increased speech volume, rate, and pitch - gastric discomfort Ego Defense Mechanisms (2) - Answers (mechanisms employed by ego in the face of threat) - compensation - rationalization - denial - reaction formation - displacement - regression - identification - repression - intellectualization - introjection - suppression - isolation - undoing - projection psycho-physiological responses (3) - Answers - anxiety remains unresolved - extended period may exacerbate symptoms, delay recovery, interfere with treatment of medical condition severe anxiety - Answers - awareness greatly diminished - concentration on one detail - diminished attention span - overt behavior aimed at relieving anxiety - physical symptoms: headache, palpitations, insomnia, trembling, dizziness, tachycardia, hyperventilation, urinary frequency, diarrhea, palpitations - emotional symptoms: confusion, dread, horror psychoneurotic behavior patterns (4) - Answers - aware of stress and maladaptive behaviors - unaware of possible psychological causes of distress - helpless feeling - experiences no loss of contact with reality - ex) anxiety disorders, somatic symptom disorders, dissociative disorders panic anxiety - Answers - most intense state of anxiety - prolonged can lead to physical and emotional exhaustion, maybe life-threatening - inability to focus on one detail - experience hallucinations or delusions - may display wild or desperate actions or extreme withdraw - ineffective human functioning and communication - feeling of terror - characteristics: dilated pupils, labored breathing, severe trembling, sleepless, palpitations, diaphoresis, m. incoordination, immobility or hyperactivity, incoherent psychotic response (5) - Answers - significant thought disturbance where reality testing is impaired, resulting in delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and cationic behavior - characteristics: shows minimal distress, unaware of maladaptive behaviors, anosognosia, flight from reality in an attempt to adapt - ex) schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder grief - Answers - subjective feeling of sorrow and sadness accompanied by physical and social responses to the loss of a person or thing losses - Answers - real loss - perceived loss - any situation that creates change - failure can be considered loss mourning - Answers period of characteristic emotions and behaviors - normal is adaptive - s/s: sadness, guilt, anger, hopelessness, helplessness, despair grief - stage 1 - Answers Denial - shock/disbelief - loss is not acknowledged - protective mechanism allowing one to cope immediately while organizing more effective defense strategies grief - stage 2 - Answers Anger - envy or resentment toward those not effected - directed at self or displaced on loved one, caregiver or God - preoccupied with the idealized image of the loss grief- stage 3 - Answers Bargaining - usually evident to others - bargaining made with God in attempt to reverse or postpone loss - may be associated with feelings of guilt grief - stage 4 - Answers Depression - full impact of loss experienced - intense sense of loss - time of quiet desperation and disengagement from all association from the loss - represents advancement toward resolution grief - stage 5 - Answers Acceptance - brings feeling of peach regarding loss - time of quiet expectation and resignation - focus Is on reality of the loss and its meaning for those affected by it anticipatory grief - Answers - can expedite grief process - unhealthy when grief process is completed prematurely resolution of grief - Answers when one is able to regain a sense of organization, redefine their life in the absence of lost, and pursue new interests and relationships - weeks to years - prolonged by guilt - sudden or unexpected can prolong bereavement overload - Answers accumulated grief - multiple losses concurrently maladaptive grief responses - Answers - prolonged: fixed in denial and anger stages, intense preoccupation with memories of lost, intense emotional pain - delayed/inhibited: fixed in denial, emotional pain not experienced, anxiety, sleeping, or eating disorders, lasts until grief response is triggered - distorted: fixed in anger, grief behaviors exaggerated, turns anger inward, inability to function in ADL's, can cumulate into pathological depression forebrain - Answers - cerebrum: lobes - limbic system: thalamus and hypothalamus, portion of cerebrum to diencephalon - diencephalon: cerebrum to lower structures midbrain - Answers mesencephalon: pons to hypothalamus - structures: nuclei and fiber tracts - integration of visual, auditory, and righting reflexes hindbrain - Answers - pons: centers for respirations and sleep - medulla: responsible for HR, respiration, reflexes - cerebrum: involuntary movements neurons - Answers send neurotransmitters through axons to dendrites of neighboring neuron - presynaptic neuron: conducting toward synapse - postsynaptic neuron: conduction impulse away CNS neurotransmitters - Answers - acetylcholine: cholinergic receptors - amino acids: inhibiting and excitatory - monoamines: dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine & norepinephrine (adrenergic receptors) - neuropeptide: opioid peptides, substance P, somatostatin frontal lobe - Answers - premotor cortex (motor control) - prefrontal cortex (problem solving) - Broca's area (speech production) parietal lobe - Answers - somatosensory cortex (touch perception) - body's orientation and sensory discrimination temporal - Answers - auditory processing (hearing) - Wernicke's area (language comprehension) - memory and information retrieval occipital - Answers - visual cortex (sight) - visual reception and interpretation hypothalamus - Answers - regulation of pituitary gland - direct neural control over actions of ANS - regulated: appetite, temp, BP, thirst, circadian rhythms thalamus - Answers - integrated all sensory input (except smell) on its way to cortex - temporarily blocking minor sensations to allow concentration dopamine - Answers messenger, role in feelings of pleasure