WGU D115 OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT (OA) EXAM 2026
(ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY) COMPLETE UNIT 1-UNIT 7
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES AND A READINESS PRACTICE EXAM TEST BANK
WITH A STUDY GUIDE | LATEST UPDATED AND VERIFIED FOR
GUARANTEED PASS
What are the 3 layers of human defense? What happens during each? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Physical- protect against damage and infection are composed of tightly associated epithelial cells
including those of the skin and of the membranous sheets lining the gastrointestinal,
genitourinary, and respiratory tracts. Mechanical- "washing" the surfaces (sloughing off of dead
skin, vomiting, urination, coughing). Biochemical barriers- secrets substances meant to trap of
destroy microorganisms. (Mucus, sweat, saliva, tears, sebaceous glands, and earwax).
What is the second line of defense and the process? - CORRECT ANSWER -Inflammatory
response- rapid and nonspecific, protective response to cellular injury from any cause. It can
occur only in vascularized tissue.
How do acute and chronic inflammation differ? - CORRECT ANSWER -Acute- Short duration,
8-10 days from onset to healing. The three systemic changes associated with the acute
inflammatory response are fever, leukocytosis, and plasma protein synthesis. Chronic
inflammation- can be a continuation of acute inflammation that last 2 weeks or longer. It can also
occur as a distinct process without much preceding acute inflammation.
What are the phases of wound healing and the process that takes place during each? - CORRECT
ANSWER -Phase 1- Inflammation- includes coagulation and the infiltration of cells that
participate in wound healing, including platelets, neutrophils, and macrophages. Phase 2-
Proliferation and New Tissue Formation (Reconstruction)- wound begins to heal. This stage
begins 3-4 days after injury and continues for as long as 2 weeks. Phase 3- Remodeling and
Maturation- phase for recovering normal tissue structure that can persist for years
How does the inflammatory response differ in neonates? - CORRECT ANSWER -Neonates
often have transiently depressed inflammatory function, particularly neutrophil chemotaxis and
alternative complement activity.
, How and why does aging affect innate immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER -Aging alters the
tissue microenvironment and macrophage function with changes in wound healing
neoangiogenesis and fibrosis.
What is the third line of defense and the process that takes place? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Adaptive immunity (immune response or immunity)- the third line of defense in the human body.
Consists of lymphocytes and serum proteins called antibodies. - Secondary responder-augments
the initial defenses against infection and provides long term security against re-infection. - B
cells- humeral can kill free floating pathogens - T cells- cell - mediated- can kill pathogens hiding
inside cells.
How and why does the neonate have a poorly developed immune response? - CORRECT
ANSWER -The human neonate has a poorly developed immune response, particularly in the
production of IgG. The fetus and neonate are protected in utero and during the first few post-
natal months by maternal antibody that was actively transported across the placenta.
What terms are collectively known as hypersensitivity reactions? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Allergy, autoimmunity, and alloimmunity are collectively known as hypersensitivity reactions.
Hypersensitivity Response I - IgE mediated- primary cause of common allergies. Binds with
mast cells which release histamine. (initiates allergic reaction). Histamine release leads to
bronchial smooth muscle contraction, bronchoconstriction, and immune response II- tissue
specific- wrong blood type administered or hemolytic disease of the newborn. Complement
pathway activated III- Immune complex mediated IV- cell mediated - graft rejection
What are some causes of autoimmune diseases? - CORRECT ANSWER -Autoimmune disease
can be caused by the exposure of a previously sequestered antigen, the development of a
neoantigen, the complications of infectious disease, the emergence of a forbidden clone of
lymphocytes, or the consequence of ineffective peripheral tolerance. The mechanisms for
imitation of autoimmune diseases may already be within humans.
What are some examples of alloimmune disorders? And why do these occur? - CORRECT
ANSWER -Alloimmunity is the immune systems reaction against antigens on the tissues of other
members of the same species. - Transient neonatal disease - Transplant rejection - Transfusion
reaction
(ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY) COMPLETE UNIT 1-UNIT 7
EXAM QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES AND A READINESS PRACTICE EXAM TEST BANK
WITH A STUDY GUIDE | LATEST UPDATED AND VERIFIED FOR
GUARANTEED PASS
What are the 3 layers of human defense? What happens during each? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Physical- protect against damage and infection are composed of tightly associated epithelial cells
including those of the skin and of the membranous sheets lining the gastrointestinal,
genitourinary, and respiratory tracts. Mechanical- "washing" the surfaces (sloughing off of dead
skin, vomiting, urination, coughing). Biochemical barriers- secrets substances meant to trap of
destroy microorganisms. (Mucus, sweat, saliva, tears, sebaceous glands, and earwax).
What is the second line of defense and the process? - CORRECT ANSWER -Inflammatory
response- rapid and nonspecific, protective response to cellular injury from any cause. It can
occur only in vascularized tissue.
How do acute and chronic inflammation differ? - CORRECT ANSWER -Acute- Short duration,
8-10 days from onset to healing. The three systemic changes associated with the acute
inflammatory response are fever, leukocytosis, and plasma protein synthesis. Chronic
inflammation- can be a continuation of acute inflammation that last 2 weeks or longer. It can also
occur as a distinct process without much preceding acute inflammation.
What are the phases of wound healing and the process that takes place during each? - CORRECT
ANSWER -Phase 1- Inflammation- includes coagulation and the infiltration of cells that
participate in wound healing, including platelets, neutrophils, and macrophages. Phase 2-
Proliferation and New Tissue Formation (Reconstruction)- wound begins to heal. This stage
begins 3-4 days after injury and continues for as long as 2 weeks. Phase 3- Remodeling and
Maturation- phase for recovering normal tissue structure that can persist for years
How does the inflammatory response differ in neonates? - CORRECT ANSWER -Neonates
often have transiently depressed inflammatory function, particularly neutrophil chemotaxis and
alternative complement activity.
, How and why does aging affect innate immunity? - CORRECT ANSWER -Aging alters the
tissue microenvironment and macrophage function with changes in wound healing
neoangiogenesis and fibrosis.
What is the third line of defense and the process that takes place? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Adaptive immunity (immune response or immunity)- the third line of defense in the human body.
Consists of lymphocytes and serum proteins called antibodies. - Secondary responder-augments
the initial defenses against infection and provides long term security against re-infection. - B
cells- humeral can kill free floating pathogens - T cells- cell - mediated- can kill pathogens hiding
inside cells.
How and why does the neonate have a poorly developed immune response? - CORRECT
ANSWER -The human neonate has a poorly developed immune response, particularly in the
production of IgG. The fetus and neonate are protected in utero and during the first few post-
natal months by maternal antibody that was actively transported across the placenta.
What terms are collectively known as hypersensitivity reactions? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Allergy, autoimmunity, and alloimmunity are collectively known as hypersensitivity reactions.
Hypersensitivity Response I - IgE mediated- primary cause of common allergies. Binds with
mast cells which release histamine. (initiates allergic reaction). Histamine release leads to
bronchial smooth muscle contraction, bronchoconstriction, and immune response II- tissue
specific- wrong blood type administered or hemolytic disease of the newborn. Complement
pathway activated III- Immune complex mediated IV- cell mediated - graft rejection
What are some causes of autoimmune diseases? - CORRECT ANSWER -Autoimmune disease
can be caused by the exposure of a previously sequestered antigen, the development of a
neoantigen, the complications of infectious disease, the emergence of a forbidden clone of
lymphocytes, or the consequence of ineffective peripheral tolerance. The mechanisms for
imitation of autoimmune diseases may already be within humans.
What are some examples of alloimmune disorders? And why do these occur? - CORRECT
ANSWER -Alloimmunity is the immune systems reaction against antigens on the tissues of other
members of the same species. - Transient neonatal disease - Transplant rejection - Transfusion
reaction
