Page 1 of 21
EPALS TEST EXAM | {LATEST 2026/ 2027
UPDATE} COMPLETE ACTUAL AND AUTHENTIC
EXAM | BRAND NEW!
Paediatric circulation differences
Circulating vol newborn = 80 ml/ kg
Decreases to around 60-70ml/kg in adulthood
MAP more accurate than systolic BP
Strider
upper airway narrowing or obstruction, loud-high pitched breath
sound
Paediatric airway differences
- airway proportionately narrower
- head larger so flexes on the neck and can cause partial obstruction
- small mouth but large tongue
,Page 2 of 21
- preferential nasal breather up to 6 months
- higher larynx (creates sharp angle)
Paediatric breathing differences
- small resting lung volume so low o2 reserve
- relies on diaphragm more than muscles
Wheezing
A high-pitched, whistling breath sound that is most prominent on
expiration, and which suggests an obstruction or narrowing of the
lower airways; occurs in asthma and bronchiolitis.
grunting
An "uh" sound heard during exhalation; reflects the child's attempt to
keep the alveoli open; a sign of increased work of breathing.
5 categories of shock
- Hypovolemic
, Page 3 of 21
- Cardiogenic
- Distributive
- Obstructive
- Dissociative
distributive shock
Inadequate distribution of blood, flow insufficient for the demand of
the tissues. Eg - anaphylaxis, sepsis
Obstructive shock
Shock that occurs when there is a block to blood flow in the heart or
great vessels, causing an insufficient blood supply to the body's
tissues. Eg cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax
Dissociative shock
Something that does not allow O2 to reach the cells. Eg: CO posioning
and anaemia
EPALS TEST EXAM | {LATEST 2026/ 2027
UPDATE} COMPLETE ACTUAL AND AUTHENTIC
EXAM | BRAND NEW!
Paediatric circulation differences
Circulating vol newborn = 80 ml/ kg
Decreases to around 60-70ml/kg in adulthood
MAP more accurate than systolic BP
Strider
upper airway narrowing or obstruction, loud-high pitched breath
sound
Paediatric airway differences
- airway proportionately narrower
- head larger so flexes on the neck and can cause partial obstruction
- small mouth but large tongue
,Page 2 of 21
- preferential nasal breather up to 6 months
- higher larynx (creates sharp angle)
Paediatric breathing differences
- small resting lung volume so low o2 reserve
- relies on diaphragm more than muscles
Wheezing
A high-pitched, whistling breath sound that is most prominent on
expiration, and which suggests an obstruction or narrowing of the
lower airways; occurs in asthma and bronchiolitis.
grunting
An "uh" sound heard during exhalation; reflects the child's attempt to
keep the alveoli open; a sign of increased work of breathing.
5 categories of shock
- Hypovolemic
, Page 3 of 21
- Cardiogenic
- Distributive
- Obstructive
- Dissociative
distributive shock
Inadequate distribution of blood, flow insufficient for the demand of
the tissues. Eg - anaphylaxis, sepsis
Obstructive shock
Shock that occurs when there is a block to blood flow in the heart or
great vessels, causing an insufficient blood supply to the body's
tissues. Eg cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax
Dissociative shock
Something that does not allow O2 to reach the cells. Eg: CO posioning
and anaemia
