Pathophysiology NU 545 Unit 5-QUESTIONS
WITH ALL CORRECT ANSWERS!!
Type I Alveolar cells (p1134)
Cells which provides structure for alveoli.
Type II Alveolar cells (p1134)
Cells of the alveoli which secrete surfactant.
Surfactant (role in lungs; infant and adult) (p1134)
A lipoprotein that coats the inner surface of the alveolus and facilitates its expansion during
inspiration. Lowers alveolar surface tension at end expiration and prevents lung collapse.
Contributes to control of lung inflammation and innate and adaptive immunity.
Infant Surfactant (p1195)
Is produced by 20-24 weeks of gestation and is secreted into the fetal airways by 30 weeks.
Chronic Bronchitis
(pathophysiology, etiology, prevention, clinical manifestations, treatment, complications)
Hypersecretion of mucous and chronic productive cough that continues for at least 3 months of
the year (usually the winter months) for at least 2 consecutive years.
Patho of Chronic Bronchitis
Inspired irritants result in airway inflammation with infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, and
lymphocytes into the bronchial wall.
Manifestations of Chronic Bronchitis
,Decreased exercise intolerance, wheezing, and SOB, productive cough, evidence of airway
obstruction (decrease in FEV1) on spirometry, copious amounts of sputum, frequent pulmonary
infections, FVC and FEV1 values are markedly reduced,FRC and Residual volume (RV)
measurements are increased, decreased alveolar ventilation, increased PaCO2,polycythemia,
cyanosis, pulmonary HTN, cor pulmonale which can lead to severe disability or death.
Gas exchange in the lungs (transport)
The delivery of oxygen to the cells of the body and the removal of CO2.
Alveolar ventilation (how is it measured)
Distention, is made possible by surfactant, which lowers the surface tension by coating the air-
liquid interface in the alveoli.
Asthma (adult and childhood)
Patho, etiology, prevention, inflammatory mediators, clinical manifestations, treatment
(acute and chronic), complications (p1167) (p1203)
A chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial mucosa that causes bronchial
hyperresponsiveness, constriction of the airways, and variable airflow obstruction that is
reversible.
Ageing and the pulmonary system
How is O2 carried in the blood?
Hemoglobin in RBCs
How is CO2 carried in the blood?
,in solution or bound to blood proteins, but most is converted to bicarbonate ion by carbonic
anhydrase within RBC's
Postures used to relief breathing difficulties
• Orthopnea is dyspnea that occurs when an individual lies flat and is common in individuals
with heart failure. Sitting in a forward leaning posture or supporting the upper body on several
pillows generally relieves orthopnea.
• Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) occurs in individuals with heart failure or lung disease
wake up at night gasping for air and must sit or stand to believe the dyspnea.
pulmonary edema
(patho, etiology, prevention, clinical manifestations, treatment, complications) (p1165)
fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles
Excess water in the lung.
LV fails, filling pressures on the L side of heart increase and cause a concomitant increase in
pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure.
-When the hydrostatic pressure exceeds oncotic pressure, fluid moves out into the interstitial
space (the space within the alveolar septum b/w alveolus and capillary).
-Fluid is initially picked up by lymphatic vessels and removed from the lung
-when the flow of fluid out of the capillaries exceeds the lymphatic system's ability to remove it,
pulmonary edema develops.
, pulmonary fibrosis
(patho, etiology, prevention, clinical manifestations, treatment, complications) (p1163)
formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs
An excessive amount of fibrous or connective tissue in the lung; can complicate healing after
active pulmonary disease, such as ARDS or TB.
Results from chronic inflammation, alveolar epithelialization, and myofibroblast proliferation
-causes marked loss of lung compliance
-lung becomes stiff and difficult to ventilate and the diffusing capacity of the alveolocapillary
membrane may decrease, causing hypoxemia.
Idiopathic:
Chronic inflammation and fibroproliferation of the interstitial lung tissue around the alveoli.This
causes decreased oxygen diffusion across the alveolocapillary membrane and hypoxemia. As the
disease progresses decreased lung compliance leads to increased work of breathing, decreased
tidal volume, and resultant hypoventilation with hypercapnia.
Occurs with no specific cause for the development of fibrosis
-the most common idiopathic interstitial lung disorder.
Empyemas
(patho, etiology, prevention, clincial manifestations, treatment, complications)
WITH ALL CORRECT ANSWERS!!
Type I Alveolar cells (p1134)
Cells which provides structure for alveoli.
Type II Alveolar cells (p1134)
Cells of the alveoli which secrete surfactant.
Surfactant (role in lungs; infant and adult) (p1134)
A lipoprotein that coats the inner surface of the alveolus and facilitates its expansion during
inspiration. Lowers alveolar surface tension at end expiration and prevents lung collapse.
Contributes to control of lung inflammation and innate and adaptive immunity.
Infant Surfactant (p1195)
Is produced by 20-24 weeks of gestation and is secreted into the fetal airways by 30 weeks.
Chronic Bronchitis
(pathophysiology, etiology, prevention, clinical manifestations, treatment, complications)
Hypersecretion of mucous and chronic productive cough that continues for at least 3 months of
the year (usually the winter months) for at least 2 consecutive years.
Patho of Chronic Bronchitis
Inspired irritants result in airway inflammation with infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, and
lymphocytes into the bronchial wall.
Manifestations of Chronic Bronchitis
,Decreased exercise intolerance, wheezing, and SOB, productive cough, evidence of airway
obstruction (decrease in FEV1) on spirometry, copious amounts of sputum, frequent pulmonary
infections, FVC and FEV1 values are markedly reduced,FRC and Residual volume (RV)
measurements are increased, decreased alveolar ventilation, increased PaCO2,polycythemia,
cyanosis, pulmonary HTN, cor pulmonale which can lead to severe disability or death.
Gas exchange in the lungs (transport)
The delivery of oxygen to the cells of the body and the removal of CO2.
Alveolar ventilation (how is it measured)
Distention, is made possible by surfactant, which lowers the surface tension by coating the air-
liquid interface in the alveoli.
Asthma (adult and childhood)
Patho, etiology, prevention, inflammatory mediators, clinical manifestations, treatment
(acute and chronic), complications (p1167) (p1203)
A chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial mucosa that causes bronchial
hyperresponsiveness, constriction of the airways, and variable airflow obstruction that is
reversible.
Ageing and the pulmonary system
How is O2 carried in the blood?
Hemoglobin in RBCs
How is CO2 carried in the blood?
,in solution or bound to blood proteins, but most is converted to bicarbonate ion by carbonic
anhydrase within RBC's
Postures used to relief breathing difficulties
• Orthopnea is dyspnea that occurs when an individual lies flat and is common in individuals
with heart failure. Sitting in a forward leaning posture or supporting the upper body on several
pillows generally relieves orthopnea.
• Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) occurs in individuals with heart failure or lung disease
wake up at night gasping for air and must sit or stand to believe the dyspnea.
pulmonary edema
(patho, etiology, prevention, clinical manifestations, treatment, complications) (p1165)
fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles
Excess water in the lung.
LV fails, filling pressures on the L side of heart increase and cause a concomitant increase in
pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure.
-When the hydrostatic pressure exceeds oncotic pressure, fluid moves out into the interstitial
space (the space within the alveolar septum b/w alveolus and capillary).
-Fluid is initially picked up by lymphatic vessels and removed from the lung
-when the flow of fluid out of the capillaries exceeds the lymphatic system's ability to remove it,
pulmonary edema develops.
, pulmonary fibrosis
(patho, etiology, prevention, clinical manifestations, treatment, complications) (p1163)
formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs
An excessive amount of fibrous or connective tissue in the lung; can complicate healing after
active pulmonary disease, such as ARDS or TB.
Results from chronic inflammation, alveolar epithelialization, and myofibroblast proliferation
-causes marked loss of lung compliance
-lung becomes stiff and difficult to ventilate and the diffusing capacity of the alveolocapillary
membrane may decrease, causing hypoxemia.
Idiopathic:
Chronic inflammation and fibroproliferation of the interstitial lung tissue around the alveoli.This
causes decreased oxygen diffusion across the alveolocapillary membrane and hypoxemia. As the
disease progresses decreased lung compliance leads to increased work of breathing, decreased
tidal volume, and resultant hypoventilation with hypercapnia.
Occurs with no specific cause for the development of fibrosis
-the most common idiopathic interstitial lung disorder.
Empyemas
(patho, etiology, prevention, clincial manifestations, treatment, complications)
