Pathophysiology NU 545-- Unit 5-- Pulmonary/
Kidney I-QUESTIONS WITH ALL CORRECT
ANSWERS!!
Alveolar Type 1 cells
Cells which provides structure for alveoli.
Alveolar Type 2 cells
Cells of the alveoli which secrete surfactant.
Surfactant
A lipoprotein that coats the inner surface of the alveolus and facilitates its expansion during
inspiration. Lowers alveolar surface tension at end expiration and prevents lung collapse.
Contributes to control of lung inflammation and innate and adaptive immunity.
Surface Tension
The tendency for liquid molecules that are exposed to air to adhere to one another. This
phenomenon decreases the surface area exposed to the air.
Law of Laplace
The pressure required to inflate a sphere is equal to two times the surface tension divided by the
radius of the sphere, or P=2T/r.
Alveolar ventilation
Distention, is made possible by surfactant, which lowers the surface tension by coating the air-
liquid interface in the alveoli.
Infant Surfactant
Is produced by 20-24 weeks of gestation and is secreted into the fetal airways by 30 weeks.
Chronic Bronchitis
,Hypersecretion of mucous and chronic productive cough that continues for at least 3 months of
the year (usually the winter months) for at least 2 consecutive years.
Patho of Chronic Bronchitis
Inspired irritants result in airway inflammation with infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, and
lymphocytes into the bronchial wall.
Manifestations of Chronic Bronchitis
Decreased exercise intolerance, wheezing, and SOB, productive cough, evidence of airway
obstruction (decrease in FEV1) on spirometry, copious amounts of sputum, frequent pulmonary
infections, FVC and FEV1 values are markedly reduced,FRC and Residual volume (RV)
measurements are increased, decreased alveolar ventilation, increased PaCO2,polycythemia,
cyanosis, pulmonary HTN, cor pulmonale which can lead to severe disability or death.
Ventilation
The mechanical movement of gas or air into and out the lungs.
Respiration
The exchange of O2 and CO2 during cellular metabolism.
PAO2
The amount of oxygen in the alveoli.
Gas Transport
The delivery of oxygen to the cells of the body and the removal of CO2.
Pors of Kohn
Tiny pores which permit some air to pass through the septa from alveolus to alveolus, promoting
collateral ventilation and even distribution of air among the alveoli.
Asthma
, A chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial mucosa that causes bronchial
hyperresponsiveness, constriction of the airways, and variable airflow obstruction that is
reversible.
Acinus
Consists of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.
Early Asthmatic Response
Antigen exposure to bronchial mucosa activates dendritic cells to present the antigen to CD4+
Tcells, which differentiate into Th2 cells. These cells release numerous cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-
8 & IL-13.
IL-4
In Asthmatic response it stimulates B-cell activation, proliferation, and production of antigen-
specific IgE.
IgE
In asthmatic response it causes mast cell degranulation with the release of a large number of
inflammatory mediators (histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes)
IL-5
In asthmatic response it stimulates the activation, migration, and proliferation of eosinophils,
which cause direct tissue injury and release toxic neuropeptides that contribute to increased
bronchial hyperresponsiveness, fibroblast proliferation, and airway scarring.
IL-8
In asthmatic response it activates polymorphonucleocytes that contribute to a more exaggerated
inflammatory response.
IL-13
In asthmatic response it impairs mucociliary clearance, enhances fibroblast secretion, and
contributes to bronchoconstriction.
Kidney I-QUESTIONS WITH ALL CORRECT
ANSWERS!!
Alveolar Type 1 cells
Cells which provides structure for alveoli.
Alveolar Type 2 cells
Cells of the alveoli which secrete surfactant.
Surfactant
A lipoprotein that coats the inner surface of the alveolus and facilitates its expansion during
inspiration. Lowers alveolar surface tension at end expiration and prevents lung collapse.
Contributes to control of lung inflammation and innate and adaptive immunity.
Surface Tension
The tendency for liquid molecules that are exposed to air to adhere to one another. This
phenomenon decreases the surface area exposed to the air.
Law of Laplace
The pressure required to inflate a sphere is equal to two times the surface tension divided by the
radius of the sphere, or P=2T/r.
Alveolar ventilation
Distention, is made possible by surfactant, which lowers the surface tension by coating the air-
liquid interface in the alveoli.
Infant Surfactant
Is produced by 20-24 weeks of gestation and is secreted into the fetal airways by 30 weeks.
Chronic Bronchitis
,Hypersecretion of mucous and chronic productive cough that continues for at least 3 months of
the year (usually the winter months) for at least 2 consecutive years.
Patho of Chronic Bronchitis
Inspired irritants result in airway inflammation with infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, and
lymphocytes into the bronchial wall.
Manifestations of Chronic Bronchitis
Decreased exercise intolerance, wheezing, and SOB, productive cough, evidence of airway
obstruction (decrease in FEV1) on spirometry, copious amounts of sputum, frequent pulmonary
infections, FVC and FEV1 values are markedly reduced,FRC and Residual volume (RV)
measurements are increased, decreased alveolar ventilation, increased PaCO2,polycythemia,
cyanosis, pulmonary HTN, cor pulmonale which can lead to severe disability or death.
Ventilation
The mechanical movement of gas or air into and out the lungs.
Respiration
The exchange of O2 and CO2 during cellular metabolism.
PAO2
The amount of oxygen in the alveoli.
Gas Transport
The delivery of oxygen to the cells of the body and the removal of CO2.
Pors of Kohn
Tiny pores which permit some air to pass through the septa from alveolus to alveolus, promoting
collateral ventilation and even distribution of air among the alveoli.
Asthma
, A chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial mucosa that causes bronchial
hyperresponsiveness, constriction of the airways, and variable airflow obstruction that is
reversible.
Acinus
Consists of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.
Early Asthmatic Response
Antigen exposure to bronchial mucosa activates dendritic cells to present the antigen to CD4+
Tcells, which differentiate into Th2 cells. These cells release numerous cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-
8 & IL-13.
IL-4
In Asthmatic response it stimulates B-cell activation, proliferation, and production of antigen-
specific IgE.
IgE
In asthmatic response it causes mast cell degranulation with the release of a large number of
inflammatory mediators (histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes)
IL-5
In asthmatic response it stimulates the activation, migration, and proliferation of eosinophils,
which cause direct tissue injury and release toxic neuropeptides that contribute to increased
bronchial hyperresponsiveness, fibroblast proliferation, and airway scarring.
IL-8
In asthmatic response it activates polymorphonucleocytes that contribute to a more exaggerated
inflammatory response.
IL-13
In asthmatic response it impairs mucociliary clearance, enhances fibroblast secretion, and
contributes to bronchoconstriction.
