2026 NURS 5315: ADV PATHO EXAM 1
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER -E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially there is an incr
ease in the catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, h
ormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -
E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass aſter damage or partial resection; may be
compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased hormonal stimulation (en
dometrial). increase of production of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or mammary gland enl
argement during pregnancy
Dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -
E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size, shape, organization (classified as mild, mode
rate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka atypical hyperplasia
or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear, breast cancer develop
ment; pap smears oſten show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -
E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or irritation; Cancer can
arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytok
ines and growth factors
,Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal ciliated epithelial
cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Eso
phagus-
normal squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal me
taplasia
Hypoxia injury - CORRECT ANSWER -E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases anaerobic metabolism
. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS - CORRECT ANSWER -
E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the mitochondria-
exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol - CORRECT ANSWER -
E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-
Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver
failure irreversible
Oncosis - CORRECT ANSWER -
Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and pale
. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Alpha Fetoprotein Origin - CORRECT ANSWER -Liver and germ cell tumors
Carcinoembryonic Antigen - CORRECT ANSWER -GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors
Prostate Specific Antigen - CORRECT ANSWER -prostate tumors
,v
Carcino-v -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -fromv epithelialv tissue-v renalv cellv carcinoma
Sarco-v -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -fromv connectivev tissue-v chondrosarcoma
Carcinomav inv situv -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -
preinvasivev epithelialv malignantv tumorsv ofv glandularv orv squamousv cells-v cervix
Lungv cav metastasisv -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -Multiplev organsv includingv brain
Colorectalv cav metastasisv -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -Liver,v lungs
Testicularv cav metastasisv -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -Liver,v lungs,v brain
Prostatev cav metastasisv -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -Bonesv (especiallyv lumbarv spine),v liver
Headv andv neckv cav metastasisv -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -Liver,v bones,v lymphatics
Ovarianv cav metastasisv -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -
Peritonealv surfaces,v diaphragm,v omentum,v liver
Sarcomav metastasisv -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -Lungs
Melanomav metastasisv -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -
Inv transitv lymphatics,v lung,v liver,v brain,v GIv tract
Mechanismsv ofv cav metastasisv -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -
Localv invasion,v followedv byv invasionv ofv surroundingv tissues.v Cellsv thenv mayv invadev bloodv andv lymp
h
aticv vessels.v Theyv mustv survivev inv circulation,v thenv enterv andv survivev inv av newv location.v Thenv the
vc
ellsv canv multiplyv andv formv av newv tumor.
TNMv stagingv systemv -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -
T=v tumorv sizev >/=v correlatesv withv metastaticv ability
,v
N=v whetherv lymphv nodesv arev involved
M=v extrav nodalv involvementv (liver,v lungs)
Intravascularv fluidv compartmentv -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -Inv venousv system-v 20%
Osmolalityv -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -
Thev measurev ofv solutev concentrationv inv av fluid.
280-295v mOsm
Interstitialv fluidv compartmentv -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -
Surroundsv thev cellsv andv bathesv themv inv nutrients-v 20%
Intracellularv fluidv compartmentv -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -Withinv thev cells-
v 40%v uk
Osmosisv -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -Passive-
thev movementv ofv waterv fromv anv areav ofv lowv concentrationv ofv solutev tov onev ofv higherv concentr
ati
on
Osmoticv pressurev -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -Pulling-
thev amountv ofv pressurev orv forcev thatv isv exertedv byv solutev moleculesv ofv av givenv compartme
nt
Hydrostaticv pressurev -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -Bloodv pressure-
pushesv fluidv outsidev ofv thev vessels,v thev forcev ofv fluidv againstv thev wallsv ofv av compartmen
t-
venousv obstruction,v Nav andv waterv retention
Oncoticv pressurev -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -
Colloidv pressurev keepsv waterv insidev thev compartment,v attractsv waterv fromv interstitialv spacev backv i
n
tov thev capillary-v lossesv orv diminishedv albumin
Effectivev arterialv bloodv volumev -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -
Thev amountv ofv bloodv withinv thev arterialv space-
ECFv changesv willv causev changesv inv thev EABVv inv thev samev directio
n
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER -E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially there is an incr
ease in the catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, h
ormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -
E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass aſter damage or partial resection; may be
compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased hormonal stimulation (en
dometrial). increase of production of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or mammary gland enl
argement during pregnancy
Dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -
E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size, shape, organization (classified as mild, mode
rate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka atypical hyperplasia
or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear, breast cancer develop
ment; pap smears oſten show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -
E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or irritation; Cancer can
arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytok
ines and growth factors
,Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal ciliated epithelial
cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Eso
phagus-
normal squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal me
taplasia
Hypoxia injury - CORRECT ANSWER -E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases anaerobic metabolism
. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS - CORRECT ANSWER -
E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the mitochondria-
exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol - CORRECT ANSWER -
E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-
Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver
failure irreversible
Oncosis - CORRECT ANSWER -
Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and pale
. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Alpha Fetoprotein Origin - CORRECT ANSWER -Liver and germ cell tumors
Carcinoembryonic Antigen - CORRECT ANSWER -GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors
Prostate Specific Antigen - CORRECT ANSWER -prostate tumors
,v
Carcino-v -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -fromv epithelialv tissue-v renalv cellv carcinoma
Sarco-v -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -fromv connectivev tissue-v chondrosarcoma
Carcinomav inv situv -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -
preinvasivev epithelialv malignantv tumorsv ofv glandularv orv squamousv cells-v cervix
Lungv cav metastasisv -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -Multiplev organsv includingv brain
Colorectalv cav metastasisv -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -Liver,v lungs
Testicularv cav metastasisv -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -Liver,v lungs,v brain
Prostatev cav metastasisv -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -Bonesv (especiallyv lumbarv spine),v liver
Headv andv neckv cav metastasisv -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -Liver,v bones,v lymphatics
Ovarianv cav metastasisv -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -
Peritonealv surfaces,v diaphragm,v omentum,v liver
Sarcomav metastasisv -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -Lungs
Melanomav metastasisv -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -
Inv transitv lymphatics,v lung,v liver,v brain,v GIv tract
Mechanismsv ofv cav metastasisv -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -
Localv invasion,v followedv byv invasionv ofv surroundingv tissues.v Cellsv thenv mayv invadev bloodv andv lymp
h
aticv vessels.v Theyv mustv survivev inv circulation,v thenv enterv andv survivev inv av newv location.v Thenv the
vc
ellsv canv multiplyv andv formv av newv tumor.
TNMv stagingv systemv -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -
T=v tumorv sizev >/=v correlatesv withv metastaticv ability
,v
N=v whetherv lymphv nodesv arev involved
M=v extrav nodalv involvementv (liver,v lungs)
Intravascularv fluidv compartmentv -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -Inv venousv system-v 20%
Osmolalityv -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -
Thev measurev ofv solutev concentrationv inv av fluid.
280-295v mOsm
Interstitialv fluidv compartmentv -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -
Surroundsv thev cellsv andv bathesv themv inv nutrients-v 20%
Intracellularv fluidv compartmentv -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -Withinv thev cells-
v 40%v uk
Osmosisv -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -Passive-
thev movementv ofv waterv fromv anv areav ofv lowv concentrationv ofv solutev tov onev ofv higherv concentr
ati
on
Osmoticv pressurev -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -Pulling-
thev amountv ofv pressurev orv forcev thatv isv exertedv byv solutev moleculesv ofv av givenv compartme
nt
Hydrostaticv pressurev -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -Bloodv pressure-
pushesv fluidv outsidev ofv thev vessels,v thev forcev ofv fluidv againstv thev wallsv ofv av compartmen
t-
venousv obstruction,v Nav andv waterv retention
Oncoticv pressurev -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -
Colloidv pressurev keepsv waterv insidev thev compartment,v attractsv waterv fromv interstitialv spacev backv i
n
tov thev capillary-v lossesv orv diminishedv albumin
Effectivev arterialv bloodv volumev -v CORRECTv ANSWERv -
Thev amountv ofv bloodv withinv thev arterialv space-
ECFv changesv willv causev changesv inv thev EABVv inv thev samev directio
n
