2026 NURS 5315: ADV PATHO EXAM 1
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER -E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially there is an incr
ease in the catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, h
ormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -
E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass aſter damage or partial resection; may be
compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased hormonal stimulation (en
dometrial). increase of production of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or mammary gland enl
argement during pregnancy
Dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -
E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size, shape, organization (classified as mild, mode
rate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka atypical hyperplasia
or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear, breast cancer develop
ment; pap smears oſten show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -
E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or irritation; Cancer can
arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytok
ines and growth factors
,Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal ciliated epithelial
cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Eso
phagus-
normal squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal me
taplasia
Hypoxia injury - CORRECT ANSWER -E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases anaerobic metabolism
. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS - CORRECT ANSWER -
E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the mitochondria-
exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol - CORRECT ANSWER -
E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-
Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver
failure irreversible
Oncosis - CORRECT ANSWER -
Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and pale
. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Alpha Fetoprotein Origin - CORRECT ANSWER -Liver and germ cell tumors
Carcinoembryonic Antigen - CORRECT ANSWER -GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors
Prostate Specific Antigen - CORRECT ANSWER -prostate tumors
,x
Carcino-x -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -fromx epithelialx tissue-x renalx cellx carcinoma
Sarco-x -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -fromx connectivex tissue-x chondrosarcoma
Carcinomax inx situx -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -
preinvasivex epithelialx malignantx tumorsx ofx glandularx orx squamousx cells-x cervix
Lungx cax metastasisx -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -Multiplex organsx includingx brain
Colorectalx cax metastasisx -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -Liver,x lungs
Testicularx cax metastasisx -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -Liver,x lungs,x brain
Prostatex cax metastasisx -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -Bonesx (especiallyx lumbarx spine),x liver
Headx andx neckx cax metastasisx -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -Liver,x bones,x lymphatics
Ovarianx cax metastasisx -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -
Peritonealx surfaces,x diaphragm,x omentum,x liver
Sarcomax metastasisx -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -Lungs
Melanomax metastasisx -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -
Inx transitx lymphatics,x lung,x liver,x brain,x GIx tract
Mechanismsx ofx cax metastasisx -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -
Localx invasion,x followedx byx invasionx ofx surroundingx tissues.x Cellsx thenx mayx invadex bloodx andx lymp
h
aticx vessels.x Theyx mustx survivex inx circulation,x thenx enterx andx survivex inx ax newx location.x Thenx the
xc
ellsx canx multiplyx andx formx ax newx tumor.
TNMx stagingx systemx -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -
T=x tumorx sizex >/=x correlatesx withx metastaticx ability
,x
N=x whetherx lymphx nodesx arex involved
M=x extrax nodalx involvementx (liver,x lungs)
Intravascularx fluidx compartmentx -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -Inx venousx system-x 20%
Osmolalityx -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -
Thex measurex ofx solutex concentrationx inx ax fluid.
280-295x mOsm
Interstitialx fluidx compartmentx -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -
Surroundsx thex cellsx andx bathesx themx inx nutrients-x 20%
Intracellularx fluidx compartmentx -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -Withinx thex cells-
x 40%x uk
Osmosisx -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -Passive-
thex movementx ofx waterx fromx anx areax ofx lowx concentrationx ofx solutex tox onex ofx higherx concentr
ati
on
Osmoticx pressurex -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -Pulling-
thex amountx ofx pressurex orx forcex thatx isx exertedx byx solutex moleculesx ofx ax givenx compartme
nt
Hydrostaticx pressurex -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -Bloodx pressure-
pushesx fluidx outsidex ofx thex vessels,x thex forcex ofx fluidx againstx thex wallsx ofx ax compartmen
t-
venousx obstruction,x Nax andx waterx retention
Oncoticx pressurex -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -
Colloidx pressurex keepsx waterx insidex thex compartment,x attractsx waterx fromx interstitialx spacex backx i
n
tox thex capillary-x lossesx orx diminishedx albumin
Effectivex arterialx bloodx volumex -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -
Thex amountx ofx bloodx withinx thex arterialx space-
ECFx changesx willx causex changesx inx thex EABVx inx thex samex directio
n
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER -E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially there is an incr
ease in the catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, h
ormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -
E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass aſter damage or partial resection; may be
compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased hormonal stimulation (en
dometrial). increase of production of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or mammary gland enl
argement during pregnancy
Dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -
E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size, shape, organization (classified as mild, mode
rate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka atypical hyperplasia
or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear, breast cancer develop
ment; pap smears oſten show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -
E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or irritation; Cancer can
arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytok
ines and growth factors
,Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal ciliated epithelial
cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Eso
phagus-
normal squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal me
taplasia
Hypoxia injury - CORRECT ANSWER -E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases anaerobic metabolism
. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS - CORRECT ANSWER -
E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the mitochondria-
exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol - CORRECT ANSWER -
E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-
Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver
failure irreversible
Oncosis - CORRECT ANSWER -
Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and pale
. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Alpha Fetoprotein Origin - CORRECT ANSWER -Liver and germ cell tumors
Carcinoembryonic Antigen - CORRECT ANSWER -GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors
Prostate Specific Antigen - CORRECT ANSWER -prostate tumors
,x
Carcino-x -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -fromx epithelialx tissue-x renalx cellx carcinoma
Sarco-x -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -fromx connectivex tissue-x chondrosarcoma
Carcinomax inx situx -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -
preinvasivex epithelialx malignantx tumorsx ofx glandularx orx squamousx cells-x cervix
Lungx cax metastasisx -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -Multiplex organsx includingx brain
Colorectalx cax metastasisx -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -Liver,x lungs
Testicularx cax metastasisx -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -Liver,x lungs,x brain
Prostatex cax metastasisx -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -Bonesx (especiallyx lumbarx spine),x liver
Headx andx neckx cax metastasisx -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -Liver,x bones,x lymphatics
Ovarianx cax metastasisx -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -
Peritonealx surfaces,x diaphragm,x omentum,x liver
Sarcomax metastasisx -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -Lungs
Melanomax metastasisx -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -
Inx transitx lymphatics,x lung,x liver,x brain,x GIx tract
Mechanismsx ofx cax metastasisx -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -
Localx invasion,x followedx byx invasionx ofx surroundingx tissues.x Cellsx thenx mayx invadex bloodx andx lymp
h
aticx vessels.x Theyx mustx survivex inx circulation,x thenx enterx andx survivex inx ax newx location.x Thenx the
xc
ellsx canx multiplyx andx formx ax newx tumor.
TNMx stagingx systemx -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -
T=x tumorx sizex >/=x correlatesx withx metastaticx ability
,x
N=x whetherx lymphx nodesx arex involved
M=x extrax nodalx involvementx (liver,x lungs)
Intravascularx fluidx compartmentx -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -Inx venousx system-x 20%
Osmolalityx -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -
Thex measurex ofx solutex concentrationx inx ax fluid.
280-295x mOsm
Interstitialx fluidx compartmentx -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -
Surroundsx thex cellsx andx bathesx themx inx nutrients-x 20%
Intracellularx fluidx compartmentx -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -Withinx thex cells-
x 40%x uk
Osmosisx -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -Passive-
thex movementx ofx waterx fromx anx areax ofx lowx concentrationx ofx solutex tox onex ofx higherx concentr
ati
on
Osmoticx pressurex -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -Pulling-
thex amountx ofx pressurex orx forcex thatx isx exertedx byx solutex moleculesx ofx ax givenx compartme
nt
Hydrostaticx pressurex -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -Bloodx pressure-
pushesx fluidx outsidex ofx thex vessels,x thex forcex ofx fluidx againstx thex wallsx ofx ax compartmen
t-
venousx obstruction,x Nax andx waterx retention
Oncoticx pressurex -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -
Colloidx pressurex keepsx waterx insidex thex compartment,x attractsx waterx fromx interstitialx spacex backx i
n
tox thex capillary-x lossesx orx diminishedx albumin
Effectivex arterialx bloodx volumex -x CORRECTx ANSWERx -
Thex amountx ofx bloodx withinx thex arterialx space-
ECFx changesx willx causex changesx inx thex EABVx inx thex samex directio
n
