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Summary Lecture Notes Research Methods II | Quantitative Methods | VUB | 2025/26

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Lecture notes from Research Methods and Techniques II: Quantitative Methods at Vrije Universiteit Brussel, covering the foundational concepts of empirical psychology research. Chapter 1 introduces psychology as a science based on systematic observation, the empiricist approach, and the theory-data cycle including hypothesis formulation and preregistration. Topics include research production vs. consumption, external validity, generalisability, ecological validity, and the distinction between theory-testing and generalisation modes—essential for understanding quantitative research design. These notes are valuable for exam preparation and understanding core concepts in research methodology, with practical examples illustrating common research pitfalls and best practices in psychological science. Volledige samenvatting/nota's vanuit de les met bijhorende voorbeelden en uitleg vanuit het boek! Ik hou van orde en overzichtelijke schema's dus hoop dat dit iemand kan helpen!

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RESEARCH METHODS AND TECHNIQUES II:
quantitative methods




1

, 1. CHAPTER 1: PSYCHOLOGY IS A WAY OF THINKING
We learn certain principles because psychology is based on research conducted by psychologists. Like other
scientists, psychologists are empiricists. An empiricist draws conclusions based on systematic observations.

1.1. PRODUCING VERSUS CONSUMING RESEARCH
(a) Research producer (b) Research consumer




 Masters dissertation  Clinical settings use research to take
 Doing research ourselves decisions
 Bv: what do they recommend? Is this
treatment effective?...


EXAMPLES TO ILLUSTRATE THE IMPORTANCE OF THE RESEARCH CONSUMER ROLE

Scared strait:
 Troubled kids go to prison to experience what prison feels like → Scaring them out of bad behaviour cuz
they don’t want to end up in prison...

 Does this work? → NOPE ☺
o Crime rates were NOT lower: either the samen, or higher than genereal population
o At best: it has no effect
o At worst: it makes crime rates worse


Griet op de beeck:
 Had mental problems herselve → decides to give therapy herself
 Has NO background in psychology...
 CONTROVERCY!
 Says she followed courses and did research and stuff


→ Very small sample: 17 participants (findings aren’t robust!!)
→ Just followed around these 17 people → No control-group (doesn’t prove that this therapy had any
effect)




Derel Ben:

 Just bcs something is posted in a very prestegious study, doesn’t mean it’s betrouwbaar
 Retroactive priming:



2

, o People were able to categorize the words more rapidly, when the image aftyerwards is
congernece (gelijkaardig/gelijkaardig)
o Lots of problems with the study:
▪ Found stat sig effects, BUT the effect was very small: niet omdat iets effectief is, dat
▪ Rapporteerde enkel de studies waarbij hij een sig effect vond!


• Critical mindset is essential
• Not all published research is correct or robust
• Spiked replication crisis in psychology
o Hoe zeker kunnen we zijn van alle bestaande studies → repliceren van versch studies → Velen
konden NIET gerepliceerd worden = Problematisch!



1.2. HOW SCIENTISTS WORK
• Science is based on empiricism
• Scientists test theories
• Scientists work on fundamental and applied problems
• Science is continuously evolving
• Scientists publish their findings in scientific journals
• Scientists communicate with the general public via journalists

1.2.1. EMPIRICISM
• Empirical method is based on data obtained through:
o Zintuigen (sight, hearing, touch)
o Instruments that assist our senses (thermometer, questionnaires, timer)
o Both:
▪ Quantitative (this course!) → Most psych research = quantitative
▪ Qualitative

• Empiricists aim to do research in a systematic, rigorous, and replicable manner
• Empiricism is NOT based on own experiences, intuition, or authority figures

1.2.2. SCIENTISTS TEST THEORIES


THEORY-DATA CYCLE
EMPIRISCHE CYCLUS

 We beginnen met een theorie → onderzoeksvraag → hypothesen →
preregistration → Data verzamelen → herzien van theorie of
bevestigen van theorie

 Gebaseerd op theorieen → kunnen we onderzoeksvragen en
hypothesen opstellen → preregistration → data verzamelen → herzien
van theorie of bevestigen van theorie

Hypothesen = stellingen over wat we gaan verwachten. Dit moeten we weerleggen of bevestigen

Preregistration = voor het verzamelen van data, zullen we ergens onze hypothesen specificieren en hoe we deze
hypothese gaan testen (dit kan op een specifiek platform waar het publiek op staat, je kan dit niet aanpassen)
 Doel: eerlijkheid en openheid rond hypothesen en methode


3

, Note: There is a difference between exploratory (inductive) and confirmatory (deductive) research!

 Inductive/exploratory = We hebben geen theorie waarmee we beginnen, we observeren en construeren
een theorie op basis van wat we zien

 Deductive/confirmatory = We beginnen met een bestaande theorie. Op basis van die theorie
formuleren we specifieke verwachtingen (hypotheses), die we vervolgens gaan toetsen aan de
werkelijkheid door middel van observaties of experimenten

➔ Het doel is om te bevestigen (confirmeren) of te verwerpen of de theorie standhoudt in een specifieke context.



HARLOW (1958): CUPBOARD THEORY VS . CONTACT COMFORT THEORY

Cupboard theory: hechting aan mama voor voedsel
 Links: oncomfortabele mama figuur die enkel eten geeft

Contact theory: hechting aan mama voor affection en knuffels
 Rechts: comfortabel mama figuur, knuffelbaar en zacht, zonder eten

➔ Waar spendeerd aapje de meeste tijd?
 Gaat gewoon naar links voor eten en gaat meteen terug naar zachte mama
kant!
 Contact theory = correct


DIFFERENT KINDS OF THEORIES

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD THEORIES

• Supported by data (however, results from a single study cannot prove a theory)
o 1 test kan NOOIT een theorie bewijzen

• Falsifiable
o Theories can always be disproven!

• Parsimonious = zuinig (“Occam’s razor”)
o Als je 2 theorien hebt die zelfde fenomeen evengoed verklaren, dan = simpelste theorie het beste

EXAMPLES OF NON-FALSIFIABLE THEORIES:

• = a theory you can’t disconfirm → een goede theorie moet je fout kunnen bewijzen
o Bv: Aliens komen bij mij enkel langs als er niemand kijkt

• Facilitated communication treatment believers

THEORIES ARE EVALUATED BASED ON ALL AVAILABLE EVIDENCE

• A theory can never be “proven”, but it can be falsified
o Bv: Theory: all ravens are black
Seeing 1 white raven proves that NOT all ravens are black, seeing one black raven doesn’t prove
all ravens are black

• Replication = crucial



4

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