PSY 352 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE
healthy motivation - Answers - stimuli important for survival are remembered and
motivation to get them increases (food, sex, indicators of health like social factors,
reduced pain, stress)
normally motivated to get things that are good for us (high-calorie, salty foods taste
good; sex is pleasureable; opioids and stress reduction meds are enjoyable and
pleasant feeling)
unhealthy motivation - Answers - addictive drugs and behaviors affect our brain's
motivational systems;
addictive drugs can mimic endorphin molecules and learning systems linked to these
motivational systems;
addictive behaviors can affect learning systems linked to these motivational systems
Dopamine Motive System - Answers - system of motivation in the brain;
involved in motivation and reinforcement;
motivational drive is dependent on extracellular dopamine in specific brain regions;
cues that predict reinforcing stimuli also modulate dopamine in these areas;
repeated administration of reinforcer can result in conditioned associations between
reinforcer and predictive cues, downregulation of dopamine response to other
reinforcers, and downregulation of capacity for top-down self-regulation
dopamine - Answers - neurotransmitter most implicated in motivation and reward
dopamine in the midbrain - Answers - ventral tegmental area (and substantia nigra) are
full of domaminergic neurons
dopamine in the basal ganglia - Answers - nucleus accumbens;
a nucleus within the ventral striatum of the basal ganglia (an area somewhat near the
base of the brain with lots of dopamine receptors)
dopamine in the frontal cortical areas - Answers - orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate
cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
catecholamines - Answers - dopamine;
precurser to the other catecholamines norepinephrine and ephinephrine
dopamine depletion - Answers - temporary dopamine disruption --> change in motivated
eating
permanent dopamine disruption --> rodents stop eating entirely and die
2 midbrain structures and dopaminergic neurons - Answers - ventral tegmental area
(VTA) is largely implicated in reward, motivation, and addiction
substantia nigra (SN) is largely implicated in movement
, both receive input from hypothalamus
basal ganglia - Answers - caudate and putamen (make up the striatum); globus pallidus
limbic regions - Answers - amygdala, hippocampus
frontal cortex - Answers - orbitofrontal, anterior cingulate; dorsolateral prefrontal
dorsal striatum - Answers - movement, behavior (action selection, goal-directed
behavior, habit formation); dopamine input primarily from the substantia nigra
SN to dorsal
ventral striatum - Answers - motivation and reinforcement learning; nucleus accumbens
(a nucleus in the ventral striatum): dopamine input primarily from the ventral tegmental
area
ventral to ventral
amygdala and hippocampus - Answers - contribute to encoding and retrieval of
conditioned associations
amygdala - Answers - emotion and salience (important things); fear conditioning,
learning something is dangerous
hippocampus - Answers - memory, context
dopamine input to frontal cortex - Answers - orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate
cortex: mediate salience; preoccupation with addictive substances and lowered salience
for other rewarding things
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: important for self-regulated behavior; impulse control
dopamine motive system and addiction - Answers - cues that predict reinforcing stimuli
also modulate dopamine in these areas
learning and addiction - Answers - associative learning: classical conditioning
(associations between stimuli that repeatedly occur together), operant conditioning
(learning driven by reinforcement and punishment of behavior)
classical conditioning - Answers - associations between things related to a desirable
stimulus (such as drug);
environment: usual location of drug administration, cues linked to food, social groups,
etc.; internal environment (hormone levels)
healthy motivation - Answers - stimuli important for survival are remembered and
motivation to get them increases (food, sex, indicators of health like social factors,
reduced pain, stress)
normally motivated to get things that are good for us (high-calorie, salty foods taste
good; sex is pleasureable; opioids and stress reduction meds are enjoyable and
pleasant feeling)
unhealthy motivation - Answers - addictive drugs and behaviors affect our brain's
motivational systems;
addictive drugs can mimic endorphin molecules and learning systems linked to these
motivational systems;
addictive behaviors can affect learning systems linked to these motivational systems
Dopamine Motive System - Answers - system of motivation in the brain;
involved in motivation and reinforcement;
motivational drive is dependent on extracellular dopamine in specific brain regions;
cues that predict reinforcing stimuli also modulate dopamine in these areas;
repeated administration of reinforcer can result in conditioned associations between
reinforcer and predictive cues, downregulation of dopamine response to other
reinforcers, and downregulation of capacity for top-down self-regulation
dopamine - Answers - neurotransmitter most implicated in motivation and reward
dopamine in the midbrain - Answers - ventral tegmental area (and substantia nigra) are
full of domaminergic neurons
dopamine in the basal ganglia - Answers - nucleus accumbens;
a nucleus within the ventral striatum of the basal ganglia (an area somewhat near the
base of the brain with lots of dopamine receptors)
dopamine in the frontal cortical areas - Answers - orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate
cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
catecholamines - Answers - dopamine;
precurser to the other catecholamines norepinephrine and ephinephrine
dopamine depletion - Answers - temporary dopamine disruption --> change in motivated
eating
permanent dopamine disruption --> rodents stop eating entirely and die
2 midbrain structures and dopaminergic neurons - Answers - ventral tegmental area
(VTA) is largely implicated in reward, motivation, and addiction
substantia nigra (SN) is largely implicated in movement
, both receive input from hypothalamus
basal ganglia - Answers - caudate and putamen (make up the striatum); globus pallidus
limbic regions - Answers - amygdala, hippocampus
frontal cortex - Answers - orbitofrontal, anterior cingulate; dorsolateral prefrontal
dorsal striatum - Answers - movement, behavior (action selection, goal-directed
behavior, habit formation); dopamine input primarily from the substantia nigra
SN to dorsal
ventral striatum - Answers - motivation and reinforcement learning; nucleus accumbens
(a nucleus in the ventral striatum): dopamine input primarily from the ventral tegmental
area
ventral to ventral
amygdala and hippocampus - Answers - contribute to encoding and retrieval of
conditioned associations
amygdala - Answers - emotion and salience (important things); fear conditioning,
learning something is dangerous
hippocampus - Answers - memory, context
dopamine input to frontal cortex - Answers - orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate
cortex: mediate salience; preoccupation with addictive substances and lowered salience
for other rewarding things
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: important for self-regulated behavior; impulse control
dopamine motive system and addiction - Answers - cues that predict reinforcing stimuli
also modulate dopamine in these areas
learning and addiction - Answers - associative learning: classical conditioning
(associations between stimuli that repeatedly occur together), operant conditioning
(learning driven by reinforcement and punishment of behavior)
classical conditioning - Answers - associations between things related to a desirable
stimulus (such as drug);
environment: usual location of drug administration, cues linked to food, social groups,
etc.; internal environment (hormone levels)
