AC HPAT BIOLOGY LABORATORY
CONCEPTS FINAL PAPER QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS
●● Efferent Sensory Receptors
Answer: from CNS out to effector organs (down white matter motor
tracts of cord). Pathway to effector organ is made up of at least 2 motor
neurons with a synapse.
●● Sympathetic
Answer: Speeds up (excites) and consumes energy. "Fight or flight"
●● Parasympathetic
Answer: Slows down (inhibits) and conserves energy. "Rest and Digest".
●● Autonomic Tone
Answer: The constant balance between the two branches (sympathetic
and para-)
●● Sympathetic Division
Answer: Trunk (vertebral chain) ganglia - serves upper body.
Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia - serves below the diaphragm.
,●● Divergent effect
Answer: One sympathetic preganglionic fiber has many axon collaterals
and may synapse with 20 or more post ganglionic neurons.
●● Cholinergic receptors
Answer: Parasympathetic, always releases ACH. Has 3 synapses.
●● Adrenergic
Answer: Sympathetic, always releases Norepinephrine. Has 1 synapse.
●● Nicotinic
Answer: Found at the preganglionic ganglia, always cholinergic. Can
only excite (depolarize) synapses
●● Muscarinic
Answer: At effector organs (postganglionic- parasympathetic). can both
excite (depolarize) and inhibit (hyperpolarize) synpases.
●● Alpha 1 and Beta 1
Answer: Excitatory receptors (cx. of muscles, increases release of
hormone). Muscles will contract and hormones will be released,
excitatory in nature.
, ●● Alpha 2 and Beta 2
Answer: Inhibitory receptors (relaxing of muscles, decrease release of
hormones).
●● Beta 1
Answer: Adrenergic receptor in the heart.
●● Beta 2
Answer: Adrenergic receptor in the lungs, uterus, and skeletal/ cardiac
muslce BVs.
●● Beta 3
Answer: Adrenergic receptor only active in infants for burning brown fat
-- thermogenesis.
●● Exocrine gland
Answer: gland that secretes into ducts -- onto body cavities and outside
of the body.
●● Endocrine gland
Answer: Gland that is ductless.
●● Paracrine
CONCEPTS FINAL PAPER QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS
●● Efferent Sensory Receptors
Answer: from CNS out to effector organs (down white matter motor
tracts of cord). Pathway to effector organ is made up of at least 2 motor
neurons with a synapse.
●● Sympathetic
Answer: Speeds up (excites) and consumes energy. "Fight or flight"
●● Parasympathetic
Answer: Slows down (inhibits) and conserves energy. "Rest and Digest".
●● Autonomic Tone
Answer: The constant balance between the two branches (sympathetic
and para-)
●● Sympathetic Division
Answer: Trunk (vertebral chain) ganglia - serves upper body.
Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia - serves below the diaphragm.
,●● Divergent effect
Answer: One sympathetic preganglionic fiber has many axon collaterals
and may synapse with 20 or more post ganglionic neurons.
●● Cholinergic receptors
Answer: Parasympathetic, always releases ACH. Has 3 synapses.
●● Adrenergic
Answer: Sympathetic, always releases Norepinephrine. Has 1 synapse.
●● Nicotinic
Answer: Found at the preganglionic ganglia, always cholinergic. Can
only excite (depolarize) synapses
●● Muscarinic
Answer: At effector organs (postganglionic- parasympathetic). can both
excite (depolarize) and inhibit (hyperpolarize) synpases.
●● Alpha 1 and Beta 1
Answer: Excitatory receptors (cx. of muscles, increases release of
hormone). Muscles will contract and hormones will be released,
excitatory in nature.
, ●● Alpha 2 and Beta 2
Answer: Inhibitory receptors (relaxing of muscles, decrease release of
hormones).
●● Beta 1
Answer: Adrenergic receptor in the heart.
●● Beta 2
Answer: Adrenergic receptor in the lungs, uterus, and skeletal/ cardiac
muslce BVs.
●● Beta 3
Answer: Adrenergic receptor only active in infants for burning brown fat
-- thermogenesis.
●● Exocrine gland
Answer: gland that secretes into ducts -- onto body cavities and outside
of the body.
●● Endocrine gland
Answer: Gland that is ductless.
●● Paracrine
