SLCC Pathophysiology Exam 1 With
Correct Answers
Which IV fluid order should the nurse question?
A. Lactated Ringer's (LR) C. 0.9% sodium chloride (normal saline)
B. 0.45% sodium chloride (half normal saline)
C. 0.9% sodium chloride (normal saline)
D. Hetastarch (Hespan)
D - CORRECT ANSWER- The health care provider orders an IV with 5% dextrose in
water (D5W) started for an 86-year-old client.
Which action by the nurse is BEST?
A. Assess for bilateral pretibial edema.
B. Measure the hourly urine output.
C. Obtain daily weights.
D. Auscultate lung sounds.
Homeostasis - CORRECT ANSWER- Body's ability to maintain dynamic steady state
of internal balance
Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER- Increased number of cells
Hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER- Increased size of cell
Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER- Reduced size of cell
Metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER- Replacement of one cell type with another that
can better endure stress but not as effective as original tissue. i.e. scar tissue, callous
Dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER- Abnormal cell growth results in abnormal size
shape or appearance, precedes cancerous changes
Free radical injury
Hypoxic cell injury
Impaired calcium function - CORRECT ANSWER- Three mechanisms of cellular
injury
Free Radical Injury - CORRECT ANSWER- Highly reactive chemical molecules with
an unpaired electron in their outer orbit that pulls electrons off of healthy cell molecules
> cell damage; cancers; other disease states result.
Hypoxic Cell Injury - CORRECT ANSWER- cellular oxygen deprivation.
Brain/Heart/Kidneys are high consumers of O2. Caused by lack of O2 or impaired blood
flow to the tissue > inflammatory response
,Impaired Calcium Function
causing inappropriate activation of cellular enzymes - CORRECT ANSWER- Ca++ is
an important signalling ion for many cell responses. If the cell is injured, calcium builds
up inside the cell and many cell structures are damaged. - causing?
Reversible cell injury - CORRECT ANSWER- Causes impaired cell function but NOT
DEATH. Body can repair itself and return to normal homeostasis if the injury is reversed
in time before cell death results
Water
Lipids
Calcium - CORRECT ANSWER- Three types of reversible cell injury
Water - CORRECT ANSWER- abnormal amounts of?
Sodium builds up in cell due to the breakdown of the sodium [Na+] - potassium [K+]
pump. Consequently, sodium collects inside the cell and attracts water > intracellular
swelling. Usually due to hypoxic injury.
Lipids - CORRECT ANSWER- Abnormal amounts of?
collects in cells leading to impairment of cell functions. "Fatty liver" is often the result.
Fatty changes are a more ominous sign of cell injury than swelling, but can be reversed
with dietary changes.
Calcium - CORRECT ANSWER- Abnormal amounts of?
builds up in cell due to breakdown of the Calcium [Ca++] - Magnesium [Mg++] pump.
Consequently, calcium collects inside the cell and causes inappropriate activation of
cellular enzymes > damages cell internally.
Apoptosis - CORRECT ANSWER- Controlled cell death by implosion. Membrane
maintains integrity, cell contents not released into extracellular space, no inflammatory
response.
8-10 days - CORRECT ANSWER- How long do WBCs live?
3 months - CORRECT ANSWER- How long do RBCs live?
Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER- Uncontrolled cell death. Membrane looses
integrity, cell contents released into extracellular and inflammatory response.
Telomeres - CORRECT ANSWER- Outermost tails of chromosomes that are
shortened each replication. When too short cell dies
elasticity - CORRECT ANSWER- Example of cellular aging
,Decrease in ______________________ of blood vessels > atherosclerosis and high
blood pressure
Bowel - CORRECT ANSWER- Example of cellular aging
Loss of ___________ motility due to aging or medications > Chronic constipation
Muscle mass - CORRECT ANSWER- Example of cellular aging
Loss of _____________ ____________ due to aging, malnutrition, eating disorders,
etc. > muscle weakness, problems with balance
subcutaneous fat - CORRECT ANSWER- Loss of __________________ ________
due to aging or extreme dieting, cancer, malnutrition, etc. > problems regulating
temperature, and skin breakdown over bony areas especially if bed-bound
inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER- Response to injury,toxin, stress, trauma.
Needed for tissue repair. Overall healthy unless chronic. -
Bone Marrow - blood components
Thymus gland - T-cells from lymphocytes
Lymph nodes, tonsils and spleen - CORRECT ANSWER- Organs of the immune
system
Thymus Gland - CORRECT ANSWER- Where are T-Cells produced from
lymphocytes
Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER- Cells of ___________________
Endothelial cells
Platelets
Leukocytes
Endothelial cells - CORRECT ANSWER- Line blood vessels, releases products that
vasodilate/vasoconstrict. Cause blood thinning, allow entrance and exit sites of blood
vessels, control inflammatory mediators
v
Platelets - CORRECT ANSWER- Thrombocytes- responsible for blood
coagulation/clotting. Release over 300 potent inflammatory mediators.
Leukocytes - CORRECT ANSWER- White blood cells, major cellular component of
inflammatory response. Classified as granulocytes or agranulocytes
Leukocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER- Higher then normal production of WBCs.
Swelling
Heat
Altered function
Redness
Pain - CORRECT ANSWER- S.H.A.R.P
, Granulocytes and Agranulocytes - CORRECT ANSWER- Two types of Leukocytes
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils - CORRECT ANSWER- Three Granulocytes
Neutrophils
"New"trophils arrives first for a "new" infection - CORRECT ANSWER- Granulocyte
accounts for 60% of WBC, increased ACUTE bacterial infection and first responder
Eosinophils - CORRECT ANSWER- Granulocyte elevated in allergic reaction &
parasite infections
Basophil - CORRECT ANSWER- Granulocyte elevated in allergic reaction
Lymphocytes and Monocytes - CORRECT ANSWER- Two types of Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes - CORRECT ANSWER- Agranulocyte accounting for 30% of WBC, B &
T cells, increased in VIRAL and CHRONIC infection
Monocytes - CORRECT ANSWER- Agranulocyte circulating in the bloodstream,
migrates into tissue to become macrophages
T cells - CORRECT ANSWER- "Timely" response before b-cells. Produced from
lymphocytes in the thymus gland. Consist of:
-memory
-helper
-killer
-suppressor
-natural killer cells.
Memory T cells - CORRECT ANSWER- Remain in lymph nodes for many years after
infection so if same pathogen enters rapid immune response can happen.
Helper t cells - CORRECT ANSWER- Activate/regulate T&B cells
Killer t cells - CORRECT ANSWER- Attack virus infected cells and tumor cells.
Ingests ANTIGENS via phagocytosis.
Natural killer cells - CORRECT ANSWER- Attack abnormal cells such as cancer
cells. These are lymphoid cells that can destroy cancer cells (have different cell surface
markers than killer T Cells).
Suppressor t cells - CORRECT ANSWER- Returns the functioning of the immune
system back to normal after infection. Prevents autoimmunity.
Correct Answers
Which IV fluid order should the nurse question?
A. Lactated Ringer's (LR) C. 0.9% sodium chloride (normal saline)
B. 0.45% sodium chloride (half normal saline)
C. 0.9% sodium chloride (normal saline)
D. Hetastarch (Hespan)
D - CORRECT ANSWER- The health care provider orders an IV with 5% dextrose in
water (D5W) started for an 86-year-old client.
Which action by the nurse is BEST?
A. Assess for bilateral pretibial edema.
B. Measure the hourly urine output.
C. Obtain daily weights.
D. Auscultate lung sounds.
Homeostasis - CORRECT ANSWER- Body's ability to maintain dynamic steady state
of internal balance
Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER- Increased number of cells
Hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER- Increased size of cell
Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER- Reduced size of cell
Metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER- Replacement of one cell type with another that
can better endure stress but not as effective as original tissue. i.e. scar tissue, callous
Dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER- Abnormal cell growth results in abnormal size
shape or appearance, precedes cancerous changes
Free radical injury
Hypoxic cell injury
Impaired calcium function - CORRECT ANSWER- Three mechanisms of cellular
injury
Free Radical Injury - CORRECT ANSWER- Highly reactive chemical molecules with
an unpaired electron in their outer orbit that pulls electrons off of healthy cell molecules
> cell damage; cancers; other disease states result.
Hypoxic Cell Injury - CORRECT ANSWER- cellular oxygen deprivation.
Brain/Heart/Kidneys are high consumers of O2. Caused by lack of O2 or impaired blood
flow to the tissue > inflammatory response
,Impaired Calcium Function
causing inappropriate activation of cellular enzymes - CORRECT ANSWER- Ca++ is
an important signalling ion for many cell responses. If the cell is injured, calcium builds
up inside the cell and many cell structures are damaged. - causing?
Reversible cell injury - CORRECT ANSWER- Causes impaired cell function but NOT
DEATH. Body can repair itself and return to normal homeostasis if the injury is reversed
in time before cell death results
Water
Lipids
Calcium - CORRECT ANSWER- Three types of reversible cell injury
Water - CORRECT ANSWER- abnormal amounts of?
Sodium builds up in cell due to the breakdown of the sodium [Na+] - potassium [K+]
pump. Consequently, sodium collects inside the cell and attracts water > intracellular
swelling. Usually due to hypoxic injury.
Lipids - CORRECT ANSWER- Abnormal amounts of?
collects in cells leading to impairment of cell functions. "Fatty liver" is often the result.
Fatty changes are a more ominous sign of cell injury than swelling, but can be reversed
with dietary changes.
Calcium - CORRECT ANSWER- Abnormal amounts of?
builds up in cell due to breakdown of the Calcium [Ca++] - Magnesium [Mg++] pump.
Consequently, calcium collects inside the cell and causes inappropriate activation of
cellular enzymes > damages cell internally.
Apoptosis - CORRECT ANSWER- Controlled cell death by implosion. Membrane
maintains integrity, cell contents not released into extracellular space, no inflammatory
response.
8-10 days - CORRECT ANSWER- How long do WBCs live?
3 months - CORRECT ANSWER- How long do RBCs live?
Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER- Uncontrolled cell death. Membrane looses
integrity, cell contents released into extracellular and inflammatory response.
Telomeres - CORRECT ANSWER- Outermost tails of chromosomes that are
shortened each replication. When too short cell dies
elasticity - CORRECT ANSWER- Example of cellular aging
,Decrease in ______________________ of blood vessels > atherosclerosis and high
blood pressure
Bowel - CORRECT ANSWER- Example of cellular aging
Loss of ___________ motility due to aging or medications > Chronic constipation
Muscle mass - CORRECT ANSWER- Example of cellular aging
Loss of _____________ ____________ due to aging, malnutrition, eating disorders,
etc. > muscle weakness, problems with balance
subcutaneous fat - CORRECT ANSWER- Loss of __________________ ________
due to aging or extreme dieting, cancer, malnutrition, etc. > problems regulating
temperature, and skin breakdown over bony areas especially if bed-bound
inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER- Response to injury,toxin, stress, trauma.
Needed for tissue repair. Overall healthy unless chronic. -
Bone Marrow - blood components
Thymus gland - T-cells from lymphocytes
Lymph nodes, tonsils and spleen - CORRECT ANSWER- Organs of the immune
system
Thymus Gland - CORRECT ANSWER- Where are T-Cells produced from
lymphocytes
Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER- Cells of ___________________
Endothelial cells
Platelets
Leukocytes
Endothelial cells - CORRECT ANSWER- Line blood vessels, releases products that
vasodilate/vasoconstrict. Cause blood thinning, allow entrance and exit sites of blood
vessels, control inflammatory mediators
v
Platelets - CORRECT ANSWER- Thrombocytes- responsible for blood
coagulation/clotting. Release over 300 potent inflammatory mediators.
Leukocytes - CORRECT ANSWER- White blood cells, major cellular component of
inflammatory response. Classified as granulocytes or agranulocytes
Leukocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER- Higher then normal production of WBCs.
Swelling
Heat
Altered function
Redness
Pain - CORRECT ANSWER- S.H.A.R.P
, Granulocytes and Agranulocytes - CORRECT ANSWER- Two types of Leukocytes
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils - CORRECT ANSWER- Three Granulocytes
Neutrophils
"New"trophils arrives first for a "new" infection - CORRECT ANSWER- Granulocyte
accounts for 60% of WBC, increased ACUTE bacterial infection and first responder
Eosinophils - CORRECT ANSWER- Granulocyte elevated in allergic reaction &
parasite infections
Basophil - CORRECT ANSWER- Granulocyte elevated in allergic reaction
Lymphocytes and Monocytes - CORRECT ANSWER- Two types of Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes - CORRECT ANSWER- Agranulocyte accounting for 30% of WBC, B &
T cells, increased in VIRAL and CHRONIC infection
Monocytes - CORRECT ANSWER- Agranulocyte circulating in the bloodstream,
migrates into tissue to become macrophages
T cells - CORRECT ANSWER- "Timely" response before b-cells. Produced from
lymphocytes in the thymus gland. Consist of:
-memory
-helper
-killer
-suppressor
-natural killer cells.
Memory T cells - CORRECT ANSWER- Remain in lymph nodes for many years after
infection so if same pathogen enters rapid immune response can happen.
Helper t cells - CORRECT ANSWER- Activate/regulate T&B cells
Killer t cells - CORRECT ANSWER- Attack virus infected cells and tumor cells.
Ingests ANTIGENS via phagocytosis.
Natural killer cells - CORRECT ANSWER- Attack abnormal cells such as cancer
cells. These are lymphoid cells that can destroy cancer cells (have different cell surface
markers than killer T Cells).
Suppressor t cells - CORRECT ANSWER- Returns the functioning of the immune
system back to normal after infection. Prevents autoimmunity.
