NeonatalandPediatric
RespiratoryCare5thEdition
WalshTestBankA+
, Chapter1:FetalLungDevelopmentTestBank
t
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Whichofthefollowingphasesofhumanlungdevelopmentischaracterized bythe
t t t t t t
formation of a capillary network around airway passages?
a. Pseudoglandular
b. Saccular
c. Alveolar
d. Canalicular
ANS: D
Thecanalicularphasefollowsthepseudoglandular phase,lastingfromapproximately 17weeks
t t t
to 26 weeks of gestation. This phase is so named because of the appearance ofvascular
channels,or capillaries, which begin to grow by forming a capillary networkaround the
air passages.
During the pseudoglandular stage, which begins at day 52 and extends to week 16 of
gestation, the airway system subdivides extensively and the conducting airway system
develops, ending with the terminal bronchioles. The saccular stage of development, which
takes place from weeks29 to 36 of gestation, is characterized by the development of sacs
that later become alveoli.
Duringthesaccularphase,atremendousincrease inthepotentialgas-exchangingsurfacearea
t
occurs. The distinction between the saccular stage and the alveolar stage isarbitrary. The
alveolar stage stretches from 39 weeks of gestation to term. This stage isrepresented by
the establishment of alveoli.
REF: pp. 3-5
2. Regardingpostnatal lunggrowth,byapproximatelywhatagedomostofthealveolithat
t t t t
will be present in the lungs for life develop?
a. 6 months
,b. 1 year
c. 1.5 years
d. 2 years
ANS: C
Most of the postnatal formation of alveoli in the infant occurs over the first 1.5 years of
life.At 2 years of age, the number of alveoli varies substantially among individuals.After
2years of age, males have more alveoli than do females. After alveolarmultiplication
ends,the alveoli continueto increase in size until thoracic growth iscompleted.
REF: p. 6
3. Therespiratorytherapistisevaluatinganewbornwithmildrespiratorydistressdueto
t t t t
trachealstenosis.Duringwhichperiodoflungdevelopmentdidthisproblemdevelop?
t t t t
a. Embryonal
b. Saccular
c. Canalicular
d. Alveolar
ANS: A
The initial structures of the pulmonary tree develop during the embryonal stage.
Errorsindevelopment duringthis timemay result inlaryngeal, tracheal, or esophageal
t t t t
atresiaorstenosis. Pulmonary hypoplasia, an incomplete development of the lungs
t
characterizedbyan abnormally low number and/or size of bronchopulmonary segments
and/or alveoli,candevelop during the pseudoglandular phase. If the fetus is born
t
during thecanalicularphase (i.e., prematurely), severerespiratory distress can be expected
because theinadequately developed airways, along with insufficient and immature
surfactantproduction by alveolar type II cells, gives rise to the constellation of
problems knownasinfant respiratory distress syndrome.
t
, REF: p. 6 s
4. Whichofthefollowingmechanismsis(are)responsibleforthepossible
t t t t
association between oligohydramnios and lung hypoplasia?
s s s s s s
I. Abnormalcarbohydrate metabolism s
II. Mechanicalrestriction of the chest wall s s s s
III. Interferencewithfetal breathing s s
IV. Failureto produce fetal lungliquid s s s s s
a. Iand III only s s
b. IIand III only
s s s
c. I, II,and IV only
s s s s
d. II, III, and IV only
s s s s
ANS: D s
Oligohydramnios, a reduced quantity of amniotic fluid present for an extended period oftime, s s s s s s s s s s s s t
with orwithout renal anomalies, is associatedwith lung hypoplasia. Themechanismsby which
s s s s s s s s s s
amniotic fluid volume influences lung growth remain unclear. Possibleexplanations for
s s s s s s s s s s
reducedquantityof amniotic fluid include mechanical restriction of thechest wall,
s s s s s s s s s
interference with fetalbreathing, or failure to produce fetal lung liquid.
s s s s s s s s s s
Theseclinical and experimental observations possiblypoint to a common denominator,
s s s s s s s s
lungstretch, as being a major growth stimulant.
s t s s s s s s
REF: pp. 6-7
s s
5. What is the purpose of the substance secreted bythe type IIpneumocyte?
s s s s s s s s s s
RespiratoryCare5thEdition
WalshTestBankA+
, Chapter1:FetalLungDevelopmentTestBank
t
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Whichofthefollowingphasesofhumanlungdevelopmentischaracterized bythe
t t t t t t
formation of a capillary network around airway passages?
a. Pseudoglandular
b. Saccular
c. Alveolar
d. Canalicular
ANS: D
Thecanalicularphasefollowsthepseudoglandular phase,lastingfromapproximately 17weeks
t t t
to 26 weeks of gestation. This phase is so named because of the appearance ofvascular
channels,or capillaries, which begin to grow by forming a capillary networkaround the
air passages.
During the pseudoglandular stage, which begins at day 52 and extends to week 16 of
gestation, the airway system subdivides extensively and the conducting airway system
develops, ending with the terminal bronchioles. The saccular stage of development, which
takes place from weeks29 to 36 of gestation, is characterized by the development of sacs
that later become alveoli.
Duringthesaccularphase,atremendousincrease inthepotentialgas-exchangingsurfacearea
t
occurs. The distinction between the saccular stage and the alveolar stage isarbitrary. The
alveolar stage stretches from 39 weeks of gestation to term. This stage isrepresented by
the establishment of alveoli.
REF: pp. 3-5
2. Regardingpostnatal lunggrowth,byapproximatelywhatagedomostofthealveolithat
t t t t
will be present in the lungs for life develop?
a. 6 months
,b. 1 year
c. 1.5 years
d. 2 years
ANS: C
Most of the postnatal formation of alveoli in the infant occurs over the first 1.5 years of
life.At 2 years of age, the number of alveoli varies substantially among individuals.After
2years of age, males have more alveoli than do females. After alveolarmultiplication
ends,the alveoli continueto increase in size until thoracic growth iscompleted.
REF: p. 6
3. Therespiratorytherapistisevaluatinganewbornwithmildrespiratorydistressdueto
t t t t
trachealstenosis.Duringwhichperiodoflungdevelopmentdidthisproblemdevelop?
t t t t
a. Embryonal
b. Saccular
c. Canalicular
d. Alveolar
ANS: A
The initial structures of the pulmonary tree develop during the embryonal stage.
Errorsindevelopment duringthis timemay result inlaryngeal, tracheal, or esophageal
t t t t
atresiaorstenosis. Pulmonary hypoplasia, an incomplete development of the lungs
t
characterizedbyan abnormally low number and/or size of bronchopulmonary segments
and/or alveoli,candevelop during the pseudoglandular phase. If the fetus is born
t
during thecanalicularphase (i.e., prematurely), severerespiratory distress can be expected
because theinadequately developed airways, along with insufficient and immature
surfactantproduction by alveolar type II cells, gives rise to the constellation of
problems knownasinfant respiratory distress syndrome.
t
, REF: p. 6 s
4. Whichofthefollowingmechanismsis(are)responsibleforthepossible
t t t t
association between oligohydramnios and lung hypoplasia?
s s s s s s
I. Abnormalcarbohydrate metabolism s
II. Mechanicalrestriction of the chest wall s s s s
III. Interferencewithfetal breathing s s
IV. Failureto produce fetal lungliquid s s s s s
a. Iand III only s s
b. IIand III only
s s s
c. I, II,and IV only
s s s s
d. II, III, and IV only
s s s s
ANS: D s
Oligohydramnios, a reduced quantity of amniotic fluid present for an extended period oftime, s s s s s s s s s s s s t
with orwithout renal anomalies, is associatedwith lung hypoplasia. Themechanismsby which
s s s s s s s s s s
amniotic fluid volume influences lung growth remain unclear. Possibleexplanations for
s s s s s s s s s s
reducedquantityof amniotic fluid include mechanical restriction of thechest wall,
s s s s s s s s s
interference with fetalbreathing, or failure to produce fetal lung liquid.
s s s s s s s s s s
Theseclinical and experimental observations possiblypoint to a common denominator,
s s s s s s s s
lungstretch, as being a major growth stimulant.
s t s s s s s s
REF: pp. 6-7
s s
5. What is the purpose of the substance secreted bythe type IIpneumocyte?
s s s s s s s s s s
