NSG 120 Pathophysiology Exam Guide Endocrine, Renal
& Neuro Review
1. Chlamydia S/S: Most common STI in US. major cause of sterility and leading cause of PID
Often asymptomatic
men--> urethritis, thin water discharge with burning and itching, scrotal swelling
women--> urethritis, cervicitis, dysuria, yellow vaginal discharge with burning/itching, abdo pain, and dyspareunia
(painful intercourse)
2. Gonorrhea: 2nd most common STI; infxn of urinary tract.
asymptomatic, purulent discharge, dysuria
Males: prostatitis, epididymitits.
Females: PID and infertility, conjunctivitis in neonates
3. Trichomoniasis s/s: Protozoal infxn--vaginal in women and urethral in men.
- asymptomatic
- urethritis, dysuria and itching, women: discharge
,4. Chlamydia treatment and prevention: Treatment: Azithromycin and other antibiotics
Prevention: Safe sex and absitnence
5. Gonorrhea treatment and prevention: Treatment: Antibacterial drugs (penicillin or ceftriaxone
+ doxycycline) Some drug-resistant strains Retest for eradication
-Ophthalmia neonatorum prevented by prophylactic treatment of eyes of all newborns within 1 hour
-Required by law in U.S.
6. Trichomoniasis treatment: Metronidazole (Flagyl)
7. Gonorrhea prognosis: Good with prompt diagnosis and treatment.
8. chlamydia prognosis: -good with early treatment
-if untreated: PID, infertility in females; epididymitis in males, sterility in both
, 9. endometriosis: a condition in which patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and become attached
to other structures in the pelvic cavity
10. Endometriosis Signs and Symptoms: Dysmenorrhea with pain in lower back and vagina.
Infertility
Severity of pain is not indicative of extent of the disease.
Dyspareunia, dysuria, and sometimes painful defecation.
11. breast cancer prevention: diet, exercise, maintaining healthy body weight, pregnancy and breast-
feeding decisions, routine screenings--esp for women with a family history
12. Hormones and Menstrual Cycle: - After menses, FSH is secreted and causes ovarian follicle to
mature. The follicle secretes estrogen, which thickens uterine lining.
• Mid-way through the cycle, LH levels greatly increase and cause ovulation
• The ovarian follicle increases progesterone production to help the uterus to prepare for a potential implantation of
a fertilized ovum.
• If no fertilization, estrogen and progesterone levels drop and the uterine lining degenerates, resulting in menstru-
ation.
13. Cancer of the prostate: Leading cancer in older males; A hard area on the prostate or hard, fixed,
irregular nodules on the prostate suggest cancer. The median sulcus may not be palpable.
14. S/S of prostate cancer: initally asymptomatic.
urinary obstuction-blood in urine or semen, painful ejaculation
symptoms are similar to BPH
15. benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): enlargement of the prostate gland. More common in older
males
16. BPH s/s: hesitancy and straining during urination.
Decreased strength of the urine stream (weak flow).
& Neuro Review
1. Chlamydia S/S: Most common STI in US. major cause of sterility and leading cause of PID
Often asymptomatic
men--> urethritis, thin water discharge with burning and itching, scrotal swelling
women--> urethritis, cervicitis, dysuria, yellow vaginal discharge with burning/itching, abdo pain, and dyspareunia
(painful intercourse)
2. Gonorrhea: 2nd most common STI; infxn of urinary tract.
asymptomatic, purulent discharge, dysuria
Males: prostatitis, epididymitits.
Females: PID and infertility, conjunctivitis in neonates
3. Trichomoniasis s/s: Protozoal infxn--vaginal in women and urethral in men.
- asymptomatic
- urethritis, dysuria and itching, women: discharge
,4. Chlamydia treatment and prevention: Treatment: Azithromycin and other antibiotics
Prevention: Safe sex and absitnence
5. Gonorrhea treatment and prevention: Treatment: Antibacterial drugs (penicillin or ceftriaxone
+ doxycycline) Some drug-resistant strains Retest for eradication
-Ophthalmia neonatorum prevented by prophylactic treatment of eyes of all newborns within 1 hour
-Required by law in U.S.
6. Trichomoniasis treatment: Metronidazole (Flagyl)
7. Gonorrhea prognosis: Good with prompt diagnosis and treatment.
8. chlamydia prognosis: -good with early treatment
-if untreated: PID, infertility in females; epididymitis in males, sterility in both
, 9. endometriosis: a condition in which patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and become attached
to other structures in the pelvic cavity
10. Endometriosis Signs and Symptoms: Dysmenorrhea with pain in lower back and vagina.
Infertility
Severity of pain is not indicative of extent of the disease.
Dyspareunia, dysuria, and sometimes painful defecation.
11. breast cancer prevention: diet, exercise, maintaining healthy body weight, pregnancy and breast-
feeding decisions, routine screenings--esp for women with a family history
12. Hormones and Menstrual Cycle: - After menses, FSH is secreted and causes ovarian follicle to
mature. The follicle secretes estrogen, which thickens uterine lining.
• Mid-way through the cycle, LH levels greatly increase and cause ovulation
• The ovarian follicle increases progesterone production to help the uterus to prepare for a potential implantation of
a fertilized ovum.
• If no fertilization, estrogen and progesterone levels drop and the uterine lining degenerates, resulting in menstru-
ation.
13. Cancer of the prostate: Leading cancer in older males; A hard area on the prostate or hard, fixed,
irregular nodules on the prostate suggest cancer. The median sulcus may not be palpable.
14. S/S of prostate cancer: initally asymptomatic.
urinary obstuction-blood in urine or semen, painful ejaculation
symptoms are similar to BPH
15. benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): enlargement of the prostate gland. More common in older
males
16. BPH s/s: hesitancy and straining during urination.
Decreased strength of the urine stream (weak flow).
