IE 222 METER LOADING, FULL-SCALE
DEFLECTION & VARIABLE RESISTORS.
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026
VERIFIED.
What does FSD stand for in meter terminology? - ANS Full-scale deflection, meaning the
pointer goes all the way to the end of the scale.
What is IFSD? - ANS Full-scale deflection current, the current needed to push the meter
movement to full scale.
What does EFS or VFS represent? - ANS Full-scale voltage, the voltage that makes the meter
reach full scale on that range.
What is Rm in the context of a meter? - ANS Meter resistance or coil resistance, which is the
resistance of the meter movement itself.
Define Rtotal. - ANS Total resistance at full scale, the total resistance in series that limits
current to the safe full-scale value.
What is the purpose of Rmult? - ANS Multiplier resistor, the extra series resistor added so the
movement can measure voltage.
Explain Rint. - ANS Internal resistance, the total resistance the meter presents on the
selected range.
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, What does Ω/V indicate? - ANS Ohms per volt, which represents meter sensitivity; more
ohms per volt means less loading.
What is the significance of μA? - ANS Microampere, which is one millionth of an ampere.
What does kΩ stand for? - ANS Kilo-ohm, which is one thousand ohms.
What does MΩ represent? - ANS Mega-ohm, which is one million ohms.
What is the first step in building a voltmeter from a meter movement? - ANS Add a resistor in
series to hold the current down, known as the multiplier resistor.
What is the formula for total resistance needed at full scale? - ANS Rtotal = EFS ÷ IFSD.
How do you calculate the multiplier resistor? - ANS Rmult = Rtotal - Rm.
What does the sensitivity formula Ω/V = 1 ÷ IFSD indicate? - ANS It tells you how many ohms
of meter resistance are needed for each volt of range.
How is internal resistance calculated on a selected range? - ANS Rint = range × Ω/V.
In the worked example, what is the first step to find the multiplier resistor? - ANS Write down
the givens: Rm = 1000 Ω, IFSD = 100 μA, EFS = 10 V.
What is the final answer for the multiplier resistor in the worked example? - ANS Add a 99 kΩ
resistor in series with the movement.
Why is it important to calculate total resistance for the meter? - ANS To ensure the meter
movement only gets its safe full-scale current.
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 2 OF 5
DEFLECTION & VARIABLE RESISTORS.
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026
VERIFIED.
What does FSD stand for in meter terminology? - ANS Full-scale deflection, meaning the
pointer goes all the way to the end of the scale.
What is IFSD? - ANS Full-scale deflection current, the current needed to push the meter
movement to full scale.
What does EFS or VFS represent? - ANS Full-scale voltage, the voltage that makes the meter
reach full scale on that range.
What is Rm in the context of a meter? - ANS Meter resistance or coil resistance, which is the
resistance of the meter movement itself.
Define Rtotal. - ANS Total resistance at full scale, the total resistance in series that limits
current to the safe full-scale value.
What is the purpose of Rmult? - ANS Multiplier resistor, the extra series resistor added so the
movement can measure voltage.
Explain Rint. - ANS Internal resistance, the total resistance the meter presents on the
selected range.
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 1 OF 5
, What does Ω/V indicate? - ANS Ohms per volt, which represents meter sensitivity; more
ohms per volt means less loading.
What is the significance of μA? - ANS Microampere, which is one millionth of an ampere.
What does kΩ stand for? - ANS Kilo-ohm, which is one thousand ohms.
What does MΩ represent? - ANS Mega-ohm, which is one million ohms.
What is the first step in building a voltmeter from a meter movement? - ANS Add a resistor in
series to hold the current down, known as the multiplier resistor.
What is the formula for total resistance needed at full scale? - ANS Rtotal = EFS ÷ IFSD.
How do you calculate the multiplier resistor? - ANS Rmult = Rtotal - Rm.
What does the sensitivity formula Ω/V = 1 ÷ IFSD indicate? - ANS It tells you how many ohms
of meter resistance are needed for each volt of range.
How is internal resistance calculated on a selected range? - ANS Rint = range × Ω/V.
In the worked example, what is the first step to find the multiplier resistor? - ANS Write down
the givens: Rm = 1000 Ω, IFSD = 100 μA, EFS = 10 V.
What is the final answer for the multiplier resistor in the worked example? - ANS Add a 99 kΩ
resistor in series with the movement.
Why is it important to calculate total resistance for the meter? - ANS To ensure the meter
movement only gets its safe full-scale current.
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 2 OF 5
