NU 606~Exam 3~Advanced ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Pathophysiology Gould's ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Pathophysiology 6th - Ch ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
12,13,25,26 exam with ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
correct answers ||\\||\\
Describe four general treatment measures for cardiac ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
disorders. - correct answers ✔✔dietary modification; ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
exercise program; ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
cessation of smoking; ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
drug therapy ||\\||\\
3. Identify ten risk factors for developing atherosclerosis.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Indicate which ones are modifiable and which ones are
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
not. Note that these are the same risk factors for heart
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
disease. - correct answers ✔✔• age—cannot be changed
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• gender—cannot be changed
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• genetic or familial factors—cannot be changed
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• obesity—modifiable
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
,• cigarette smoking—modifiable
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• sedentary lifestyle—modifiable
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• diabetes mellitus—modifiable
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• poorly controlled hypertension—modifiable
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• oral contraceptives and smoking in combination—
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
modifiable ||\\||\\
• high cholesterol and hypertension—modifiable
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Describe the process of atheroma formation, from the ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
initial fatty streaks in the arterial wall intima to a
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
complicated plaque. - correct answers ✔✔• Endothelial ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
injury happens in the artery, often at a young age.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Inflammation and elevation of C-reactive protein
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
develop.
• White blood cells, especially monocytes and
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
macrophages, accumulate. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Lipid accumulates in the intima or inner lining of the
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
artery and media or muscle layer. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• A plaque forms, and inflammation persists.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
,• Platelets adhere to damaged surface, forming a
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
thrombus and partial obstruction. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Lipid continues to build up at the site of injury, along
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
with fibrous tissue (atheroma). ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Platelets adhere and prostaglandins release, causing
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
further inflammation and vasospasm. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Process continues with larger thrombus formation,
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
potential for total occlusion, and possibility of embolism. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Describe the significance of plaque formation, including ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
five potential complications of atherosclerosis. - correct
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
answers ✔✔Development of atheromatous plaques ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
narrows the lumen of arteries restricting flow, causing ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
turbulence, thrombus formation, and potential embolism. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
The atheroma also damages the arterial wall, weakening
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
the structure and decreasing elasticity, and ultimately may
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
calcify, causing further rigidity.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Complications include: 1) thrombus formation, with ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
partial (angina) or 2) total occlusion, precipitating a ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
myocardial infarction, 3) embolism and infarction (stroke ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
, and peripheral vascular damage), 4) aneurysm, or 5)
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
rupture and hemorrhage. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Which vessels are affected by atherosclerosis? - correct ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
answers ✔✔primarily large arteries particularly at ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
bifurcations—aorta, coronary, iliac, carotids ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Describe common therapeutic interventions, to include ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
lifestyle changes, used in the treatment of atherosclerosis. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
- correct answers ✔✔i. Maintain weight at healthy levels
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
to reduce the risk for metabolic syndrome, hypertension,
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
and atherosclerosis. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
ii. Lower serum cholesterol and LDL in diet by reducing the
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
intake of saturated fats and using unsaturated or
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
vegetable oils; high dietary fiber intake also decreases ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
LDL. ||\\||\\
iii. Minimize sodium intake to control hypertension.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
iv. Control primary disorders such as diabetes and
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
hypertension. ||\\||\\
v. Cease smoking.||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Pathophysiology Gould's ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Pathophysiology 6th - Ch ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
12,13,25,26 exam with ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
correct answers ||\\||\\
Describe four general treatment measures for cardiac ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
disorders. - correct answers ✔✔dietary modification; ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
exercise program; ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
cessation of smoking; ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
drug therapy ||\\||\\
3. Identify ten risk factors for developing atherosclerosis.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Indicate which ones are modifiable and which ones are
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
not. Note that these are the same risk factors for heart
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
disease. - correct answers ✔✔• age—cannot be changed
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• gender—cannot be changed
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• genetic or familial factors—cannot be changed
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• obesity—modifiable
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
,• cigarette smoking—modifiable
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• sedentary lifestyle—modifiable
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• diabetes mellitus—modifiable
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• poorly controlled hypertension—modifiable
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• oral contraceptives and smoking in combination—
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
modifiable ||\\||\\
• high cholesterol and hypertension—modifiable
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Describe the process of atheroma formation, from the ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
initial fatty streaks in the arterial wall intima to a
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
complicated plaque. - correct answers ✔✔• Endothelial ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
injury happens in the artery, often at a young age.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Inflammation and elevation of C-reactive protein
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
develop.
• White blood cells, especially monocytes and
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
macrophages, accumulate. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Lipid accumulates in the intima or inner lining of the
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
artery and media or muscle layer. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• A plaque forms, and inflammation persists.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
,• Platelets adhere to damaged surface, forming a
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
thrombus and partial obstruction. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Lipid continues to build up at the site of injury, along
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
with fibrous tissue (atheroma). ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Platelets adhere and prostaglandins release, causing
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
further inflammation and vasospasm. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Process continues with larger thrombus formation,
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
potential for total occlusion, and possibility of embolism. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Describe the significance of plaque formation, including ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
five potential complications of atherosclerosis. - correct
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
answers ✔✔Development of atheromatous plaques ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
narrows the lumen of arteries restricting flow, causing ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
turbulence, thrombus formation, and potential embolism. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
The atheroma also damages the arterial wall, weakening
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
the structure and decreasing elasticity, and ultimately may
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
calcify, causing further rigidity.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Complications include: 1) thrombus formation, with ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
partial (angina) or 2) total occlusion, precipitating a ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
myocardial infarction, 3) embolism and infarction (stroke ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
, and peripheral vascular damage), 4) aneurysm, or 5)
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
rupture and hemorrhage. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Which vessels are affected by atherosclerosis? - correct ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
answers ✔✔primarily large arteries particularly at ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
bifurcations—aorta, coronary, iliac, carotids ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Describe common therapeutic interventions, to include ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
lifestyle changes, used in the treatment of atherosclerosis. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
- correct answers ✔✔i. Maintain weight at healthy levels
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
to reduce the risk for metabolic syndrome, hypertension,
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
and atherosclerosis. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
ii. Lower serum cholesterol and LDL in diet by reducing the
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
intake of saturated fats and using unsaturated or
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
vegetable oils; high dietary fiber intake also decreases ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
LDL. ||\\||\\
iii. Minimize sodium intake to control hypertension.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
iv. Control primary disorders such as diabetes and
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
hypertension. ||\\||\\
v. Cease smoking.||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
