NU 606 Exam 6 Gould's ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Pathophysiology Chapter 14 exam ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
with correct answers ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
meninges and the spaces between the layers. - correct ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
answers ✔✔dura mater: outer layer; subdural space: ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
beneath the dura; arachnoid; subarachnoid space: below ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
the arachnoid—contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); pia
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
mater: closest to the brain ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) main functio and which structure ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
forms the CSF? - correct answers ✔✔The CSF provides a
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
cushion for the brain and spinal cord and is produced by ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
the choroid plexuses located in the ventricles.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Neurotransmitter that is acting at: ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
i. the neuromuscular junction but also in the central
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
nervous system: ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
ii. preganglionic synapse of the autonomic nervous
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
system: ||\\||\\
,iii. postsynaptic synapses of the parasympathetic and
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
sympathetic systems: - correct answers ✔✔i. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Acetylcholine (ACh) ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
ii. Ach ||\\||\\
iii. PNS is ACh, SNS is norepinephrine
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
autonomic nervous system sympathetic branch: ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
||\\||\\ i. heart:
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
ii. adrenal medulla:
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
iii. respiratory system: ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
iv. eye: ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
v. digestive system function: - correct answers ✔✔i.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
increased heart rate ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
ii. secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
iii. bronchodilation ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
iv. pupil dilation ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
v. decreased||\\||\\
,consciousness: One of the early notable changes in ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
individuals with acute brain disorders is a decreasing level ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
of consciousness or responsiveness. Which areas of the
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
brain are involved in the maintenance of consciousness? -
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
correct answers ✔✔cerebral cortex and the reticular
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
activating system (RAS) in the brainstem ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Brain death: Name criteria that are generally used in the
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
diagnosis of brain death, and explain how this diagnosis is ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
made. - correct answers ✔✔cessation of brain function
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
(e.g., flat or inactive EEG), absence of brainstem reflexes
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
or responses, absence of spontaneous respirations
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
without ventilator assistance, certainty of irreversible ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
brain damage by confirmation of the cause of the
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
dysfunction
Aphasia, and briefly describe the three main types, ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
including areas of the brain affected. - correct answers ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
✔✔Aphasia refers to an inability to comprehend or ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
express language. Types: i. Expressive, or motor aphasia:
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
impaired ability to speak or write fluently or ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
appropriately. Areas of the brain affected: Broca's area of ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
, frontal lobe, inferior motor cortex. ii. Receptive, or ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
sensory aphasia: inability to read or understand the ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
spoken word. Area of brain affected: Wernicke's area in ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
the left temporal lobe. iii. Global aphasia: generally
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
describes a combination of expressive and receptive ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
aphasia. Areas of the brain affected: any major damage to ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
the brain including Broca's and Wernicke's areas and
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
communicating fibers. ||\\||\\
intracranial pressure: Identify conditions in which ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
increased intracranial pressure may develop. - correct ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
answers ✔✔brain hemor- rhage, trauma, cerebral edema, ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
infection, tumors, or accumulation of excessive amounts
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
of CSF ||\\||\\
intracranial pressure: Describe the consequences of ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
increased intracranial pressure. - correct answers ✔✔• ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
increase in pressure in the brain • decrease in arterial ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
blood flow into the "high pressure" area • pressure
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
increases at the site of the problem initially but gradually ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
is dispersed throughout the CNS • brain compression •
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Pathophysiology Chapter 14 exam ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
with correct answers ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
meninges and the spaces between the layers. - correct ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
answers ✔✔dura mater: outer layer; subdural space: ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
beneath the dura; arachnoid; subarachnoid space: below ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
the arachnoid—contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); pia
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
mater: closest to the brain ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) main functio and which structure ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
forms the CSF? - correct answers ✔✔The CSF provides a
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
cushion for the brain and spinal cord and is produced by ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
the choroid plexuses located in the ventricles.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Neurotransmitter that is acting at: ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
i. the neuromuscular junction but also in the central
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
nervous system: ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
ii. preganglionic synapse of the autonomic nervous
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
system: ||\\||\\
,iii. postsynaptic synapses of the parasympathetic and
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
sympathetic systems: - correct answers ✔✔i. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Acetylcholine (ACh) ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
ii. Ach ||\\||\\
iii. PNS is ACh, SNS is norepinephrine
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
autonomic nervous system sympathetic branch: ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
||\\||\\ i. heart:
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
ii. adrenal medulla:
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
iii. respiratory system: ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
iv. eye: ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
v. digestive system function: - correct answers ✔✔i.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
increased heart rate ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
ii. secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
iii. bronchodilation ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
iv. pupil dilation ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
v. decreased||\\||\\
,consciousness: One of the early notable changes in ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
individuals with acute brain disorders is a decreasing level ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
of consciousness or responsiveness. Which areas of the
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
brain are involved in the maintenance of consciousness? -
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
correct answers ✔✔cerebral cortex and the reticular
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
activating system (RAS) in the brainstem ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Brain death: Name criteria that are generally used in the
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
diagnosis of brain death, and explain how this diagnosis is ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
made. - correct answers ✔✔cessation of brain function
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
(e.g., flat or inactive EEG), absence of brainstem reflexes
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
or responses, absence of spontaneous respirations
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
without ventilator assistance, certainty of irreversible ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
brain damage by confirmation of the cause of the
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
dysfunction
Aphasia, and briefly describe the three main types, ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
including areas of the brain affected. - correct answers ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
✔✔Aphasia refers to an inability to comprehend or ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
express language. Types: i. Expressive, or motor aphasia:
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
impaired ability to speak or write fluently or ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
appropriately. Areas of the brain affected: Broca's area of ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
, frontal lobe, inferior motor cortex. ii. Receptive, or ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
sensory aphasia: inability to read or understand the ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
spoken word. Area of brain affected: Wernicke's area in ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
the left temporal lobe. iii. Global aphasia: generally
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
describes a combination of expressive and receptive ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
aphasia. Areas of the brain affected: any major damage to ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
the brain including Broca's and Wernicke's areas and
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
communicating fibers. ||\\||\\
intracranial pressure: Identify conditions in which ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
increased intracranial pressure may develop. - correct ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
answers ✔✔brain hemor- rhage, trauma, cerebral edema, ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
infection, tumors, or accumulation of excessive amounts
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
of CSF ||\\||\\
intracranial pressure: Describe the consequences of ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
increased intracranial pressure. - correct answers ✔✔• ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
increase in pressure in the brain • decrease in arterial ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
blood flow into the "high pressure" area • pressure
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
increases at the site of the problem initially but gradually ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
is dispersed throughout the CNS • brain compression •
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
