BPK 241 COMPREHENSIVE EXAM UPDATED QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Diaphragm (upper), pelvis (lower), abdominal muscles (sides/front)
Vertebrae (back), lower ribs (side/front), back muscles (back- lumbar) - ✔✔boundaries
of abdomen
✔✔ASIS to pubic tubercle - ✔✔inguinal ligament
✔✔Above inguinal ligament = internal and external inguinal rings - ✔✔site of inguinal
herniation
✔✔Below = femoral triangle
Femoral artery, nerve & vein are subcutaneous - ✔✔site of femoral herniation
✔✔Solid organs (bleed profusely)
Liver (RUQ)
Spleen (LUQ)
Kidneys (flanks) - ✔✔abdominal contents
✔✔Stomach, duodenum, ileum, jejunum, colon (appendix in RLQ)
Pancreas, gall bladder - ✔✔intestines and glands of the abdomen
✔✔what are the abdominal vessels? - ✔✔Abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava
✔✔"Visitors" to the abdomen - ✔✔uterus (pregnancy), bladder (if distended)
✔✔Each organ surrounded by ______ -tissue can contain bleeding ... but if subsequent
injury it can tear= severe internal bleeding - ✔✔peritoneum
✔✔Mechanism
Trauma to central abdomen leads to nerve concussion
Transient paralysis of diaphragm
SSx
Ache, dyspnea, anxiety
Tx
Relaxation, reassurance, observe! - ✔✔Blow to coeliac (solar) plexus
✔✔Strain or contusion of muscles
SSx
Crampy pain, worse with inspiration
Tx
Stretching, analgesics, rest - ✔✔"Side stitch"
,✔✔Located in abdomen ... blow can compress the plexus and affect the phrenic nerve
causing diaphragm to go into spasm (can't breathe) - ✔✔complication of coeliac plexus
✔✔constipation, gas in intestine, weak abdominal muscles, bad breathing techniques -
✔✔causes for side stitches
✔✔Definition
Protrusion of abdominal contents through defect in muscle (can go through inguinal
canal and stretch it)
Mechanism
Predisposition (weakness)
Valsalva or direct blow - ✔✔herniae
✔✔what are the degrees of hernia? - ✔✔reducible, incarcerated, strangulated
✔✔what types of hernia are there? - ✔✔inguinal (majority, male/female), femoral
(uncommon; more common in females)
✔✔increase in abdominal pressure (pop your ears on airplane) ... pushes intestine
downwards - ✔✔Valsalva
✔✔immediate relief, relocate the abdominal contents back into abdomen - ✔✔reducible
degree
✔✔hard to relocate the abdominal contents, but you can, can hear bowel sounds -
✔✔Incarcerated degree
✔✔can't push, not going to hear bowel sounds - being constricted, no blood/oxygen
getting to that part of intestines, starting to die- medical emergency - ✔✔Strangulated
degree
✔✔SSx: feeling weakness in abdominal area, - ✔✔femoral herniae
✔✔"pull" or weakness
Aching pain
Swelling & tenderness above (inguinal) or below (femoral) inguinal ligament
Pain & swelling worsen with cough - ✔✔Ssx of herniae
✔✔Surgery
Strangulated = emergency!
Nausea, vomiting, intense pain
NPO, transport to hospital ASAP - ✔✔Tx of herniae
, ✔✔herniae --? Enlarged spleen! (no contact sports until MD approved) -
✔✔mononucleosis
✔✔herniae- Delayed abdominal pain? - ✔✔send to md !
✔✔Tx: usually try and strengthen abdominal/core muscles
Surgery: implant small mesh to hold the abdominal contents - ✔✔herniae tx
✔✔SSx; chronic pelvic or groin pain
Cause: Tear of abdominal at pubic tubercle attachment
Often labral tear or adductor strain with it
Tx: Rest, surgery, build up core stability, gradually re-introduce them to their sport , last
resort is surgery - ✔✔sports hernia
✔✔sports hernia;; ______ tear can affect biomechanics of hip - increase stress on
those muscles - ✔✔Labral
✔✔C1 = ____ (skull flexion/extension); supports your skull - ✔✔atlas
✔✔C2 = ___ (C1 pivot odontoid) - ✔✔axis
✔✔C7 = ___________ - ✔✔vertebra prominens
✔✔spinal nerves: _____ exit above same vertebrae - ✔✔C1 - C7
✔✔spinal nerves: ____ exits between C7 & T1 - ✔✔C8
✔✔spinal nerves: C5 - T2 form _______ - ✔✔brachial plexus
✔✔spinal nerves: C3 - C5 innervate ________ - ✔✔diaphragm
✔✔Inexpansible; brain & sense organs - ✔✔skull
✔✔Fragile (except mandible); TMJ - ✔✔facial bones
✔✔Flexion & extension ("whiplash")
Torsion
Compression - ✔✔mechanism of neck injuries
✔✔Pain, tenderness
Spasm (delayed?)
Restricted R.O.M.
Headaches
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Diaphragm (upper), pelvis (lower), abdominal muscles (sides/front)
Vertebrae (back), lower ribs (side/front), back muscles (back- lumbar) - ✔✔boundaries
of abdomen
✔✔ASIS to pubic tubercle - ✔✔inguinal ligament
✔✔Above inguinal ligament = internal and external inguinal rings - ✔✔site of inguinal
herniation
✔✔Below = femoral triangle
Femoral artery, nerve & vein are subcutaneous - ✔✔site of femoral herniation
✔✔Solid organs (bleed profusely)
Liver (RUQ)
Spleen (LUQ)
Kidneys (flanks) - ✔✔abdominal contents
✔✔Stomach, duodenum, ileum, jejunum, colon (appendix in RLQ)
Pancreas, gall bladder - ✔✔intestines and glands of the abdomen
✔✔what are the abdominal vessels? - ✔✔Abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava
✔✔"Visitors" to the abdomen - ✔✔uterus (pregnancy), bladder (if distended)
✔✔Each organ surrounded by ______ -tissue can contain bleeding ... but if subsequent
injury it can tear= severe internal bleeding - ✔✔peritoneum
✔✔Mechanism
Trauma to central abdomen leads to nerve concussion
Transient paralysis of diaphragm
SSx
Ache, dyspnea, anxiety
Tx
Relaxation, reassurance, observe! - ✔✔Blow to coeliac (solar) plexus
✔✔Strain or contusion of muscles
SSx
Crampy pain, worse with inspiration
Tx
Stretching, analgesics, rest - ✔✔"Side stitch"
,✔✔Located in abdomen ... blow can compress the plexus and affect the phrenic nerve
causing diaphragm to go into spasm (can't breathe) - ✔✔complication of coeliac plexus
✔✔constipation, gas in intestine, weak abdominal muscles, bad breathing techniques -
✔✔causes for side stitches
✔✔Definition
Protrusion of abdominal contents through defect in muscle (can go through inguinal
canal and stretch it)
Mechanism
Predisposition (weakness)
Valsalva or direct blow - ✔✔herniae
✔✔what are the degrees of hernia? - ✔✔reducible, incarcerated, strangulated
✔✔what types of hernia are there? - ✔✔inguinal (majority, male/female), femoral
(uncommon; more common in females)
✔✔increase in abdominal pressure (pop your ears on airplane) ... pushes intestine
downwards - ✔✔Valsalva
✔✔immediate relief, relocate the abdominal contents back into abdomen - ✔✔reducible
degree
✔✔hard to relocate the abdominal contents, but you can, can hear bowel sounds -
✔✔Incarcerated degree
✔✔can't push, not going to hear bowel sounds - being constricted, no blood/oxygen
getting to that part of intestines, starting to die- medical emergency - ✔✔Strangulated
degree
✔✔SSx: feeling weakness in abdominal area, - ✔✔femoral herniae
✔✔"pull" or weakness
Aching pain
Swelling & tenderness above (inguinal) or below (femoral) inguinal ligament
Pain & swelling worsen with cough - ✔✔Ssx of herniae
✔✔Surgery
Strangulated = emergency!
Nausea, vomiting, intense pain
NPO, transport to hospital ASAP - ✔✔Tx of herniae
, ✔✔herniae --? Enlarged spleen! (no contact sports until MD approved) -
✔✔mononucleosis
✔✔herniae- Delayed abdominal pain? - ✔✔send to md !
✔✔Tx: usually try and strengthen abdominal/core muscles
Surgery: implant small mesh to hold the abdominal contents - ✔✔herniae tx
✔✔SSx; chronic pelvic or groin pain
Cause: Tear of abdominal at pubic tubercle attachment
Often labral tear or adductor strain with it
Tx: Rest, surgery, build up core stability, gradually re-introduce them to their sport , last
resort is surgery - ✔✔sports hernia
✔✔sports hernia;; ______ tear can affect biomechanics of hip - increase stress on
those muscles - ✔✔Labral
✔✔C1 = ____ (skull flexion/extension); supports your skull - ✔✔atlas
✔✔C2 = ___ (C1 pivot odontoid) - ✔✔axis
✔✔C7 = ___________ - ✔✔vertebra prominens
✔✔spinal nerves: _____ exit above same vertebrae - ✔✔C1 - C7
✔✔spinal nerves: ____ exits between C7 & T1 - ✔✔C8
✔✔spinal nerves: C5 - T2 form _______ - ✔✔brachial plexus
✔✔spinal nerves: C3 - C5 innervate ________ - ✔✔diaphragm
✔✔Inexpansible; brain & sense organs - ✔✔skull
✔✔Fragile (except mandible); TMJ - ✔✔facial bones
✔✔Flexion & extension ("whiplash")
Torsion
Compression - ✔✔mechanism of neck injuries
✔✔Pain, tenderness
Spasm (delayed?)
Restricted R.O.M.
Headaches
