BPK 241 FINAL UPDATED EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔What other functions does the transverospinalis muscle group allow us? - ✔✔Allow
us to sit for long periods of time, engaged during not very demanding work
✔✔Negative aspect of transverospinalis muscle group - ✔✔can cause low back pain to
be reccurent
✔✔where nerve roots come out in between the spine (supplies skin/muscle area) -
✔✔Intervertebral foramen
✔✔__ nerve roots (for 7 vertebrae in cervical spine) ** special case - ✔✔8
✔✔Spinal cord ends at _____ nerve roots come down (horse's tail) - ✔✔L4/L5
✔✔Congenital predispositions
Previous trauma
Mechanical factors
Poor posture (lifting, bending)
Obesity (pulls gravity forward, ^ stress on spine)
Acute or repetitive trauma (e.g. cracks in vertebrae, pedicles) - ✔✔General
considerations
of the spine
✔✔Pain, tenderness, spasm, restricted ROM
Neurologic SSx?
Radiating pain ("sciatica")
Weakness, numbness, absent DTR (deep tendon reflex- significant) - ✔✔Effects of
spinal injuries
✔✔mild curvature of the spine - ✔✔scoliosis
✔✔General
Common (twisting, lifting)
Recurrence is common - ✔✔Sprains and strains of spine hx
✔✔Pain & tenderness
Muscle spasm (delayed onset)
Restricted ROM (early or delayed onset)
Increased warmth
N.B.: if any neurologic SSx are present, assume fracture, dislocation or disc injury -
stabilize and transport to hospital - ✔✔Sprains and strains of spine ssx
,✔✔Rest - supine - 2 days
NSAID
Cold therapy at first
Heat therapy later (if left too long, can ^ inflammation)
Physiotherapy or massage Tx
Comprehensive, supervised rehabilitation program
Flexibility
Strengthening
Task-specific
Correct predisposing factors
Gradual return to activity - ✔✔Sprains and strains of spine tx
✔✔Mechanism
As in sprains and strains
Herniation of nucleus pulposus
Compression of nerve root(s) or spinal cord - ✔✔Intervertebral disc disease
✔✔SSx as for sprains & strains, plus neurologic SSx (e.g. sciatica)
Instability
Osteoarthritis (osteophytes, stenosis) - ✔✔Intervertebral disc disease effects
✔✔Conservative if possible
Surgical (discectomy, laminectomy, fusion) - ✔✔Intervertebral disc disease tx
✔✔Key is balance
Demands with functional capacity
Expectations with realistic goals
Mainstays
Time! (rest, healing)
Cold, heat, NSAIDs, braces
Physiotherapy, massage therapy, chiropractic
Rehabilitation (indefinite)
Correct predisposing factors
May need to change job or sport - ✔✔Management of Back Injuries
✔✔General
Stretching/compression of brachial plexus
SSx
Pain/numbness into arm/fingers
Lasts for several minutes - ✔✔Stinger (spine)
✔✔Axial load, 4th - 6th cervical vert most common (head into boards at hockey),
hyperextension
SSx: Pain in neck chest, extremities, decreased ROM, numbness/weakness in trunk
, Tx: Stabilize, hospital, c - spine collar, spine board (if unconscious assume c spine
injury) - ✔✔fracture of spine
✔✔Function of Thorax? - ✔✔protect vital internal organs and assist in respiration
✔✔true ribs - ✔✔1-7
✔✔false ribs - ✔✔8-10
✔✔floating ribs - ✔✔11-12
✔✔Upper boundary of the thorax? - ✔✔neck
✔✔lower boundary of the thorax? - ✔✔diaphragm
✔✔posterior boundary of the thorax? - ✔✔thoracic vertebrae
✔✔lateral and anterior boundary of the thorax? - ✔✔ribs, sternum, muscles
✔✔how many thoracic vertebrae? - ✔✔12
✔✔list the three parts of the sternum - ✔✔Manubrium (top), body (middle), xiphoid
process (bony bottom)
✔✔true ribs attach by - ✔✔individual cartilage (costochondral)
✔✔8,9,10 ribs share - ✔✔one attachment
✔✔primary muscles of respiration? - ✔✔diaphragm, intercostals
✔✔helps elevate sternum and clavicle when you breathe in - ✔✔sternocleidomastoid
✔✔elevate ribs when breathe in - ✔✔External intercostals
✔✔: flattens, creates negative pressure which allows air to flow in - ✔✔diaphragm
✔✔sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pec minor, serratus anterior - ✔✔accessory muscle of
inspiration
✔✔internal intercostals, transversus thorasus, external/internal oblique, rectus
abdominus - ✔✔accessory muscles of expiration
✔✔place to describe area of heart - ✔✔Mediastinum
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔What other functions does the transverospinalis muscle group allow us? - ✔✔Allow
us to sit for long periods of time, engaged during not very demanding work
✔✔Negative aspect of transverospinalis muscle group - ✔✔can cause low back pain to
be reccurent
✔✔where nerve roots come out in between the spine (supplies skin/muscle area) -
✔✔Intervertebral foramen
✔✔__ nerve roots (for 7 vertebrae in cervical spine) ** special case - ✔✔8
✔✔Spinal cord ends at _____ nerve roots come down (horse's tail) - ✔✔L4/L5
✔✔Congenital predispositions
Previous trauma
Mechanical factors
Poor posture (lifting, bending)
Obesity (pulls gravity forward, ^ stress on spine)
Acute or repetitive trauma (e.g. cracks in vertebrae, pedicles) - ✔✔General
considerations
of the spine
✔✔Pain, tenderness, spasm, restricted ROM
Neurologic SSx?
Radiating pain ("sciatica")
Weakness, numbness, absent DTR (deep tendon reflex- significant) - ✔✔Effects of
spinal injuries
✔✔mild curvature of the spine - ✔✔scoliosis
✔✔General
Common (twisting, lifting)
Recurrence is common - ✔✔Sprains and strains of spine hx
✔✔Pain & tenderness
Muscle spasm (delayed onset)
Restricted ROM (early or delayed onset)
Increased warmth
N.B.: if any neurologic SSx are present, assume fracture, dislocation or disc injury -
stabilize and transport to hospital - ✔✔Sprains and strains of spine ssx
,✔✔Rest - supine - 2 days
NSAID
Cold therapy at first
Heat therapy later (if left too long, can ^ inflammation)
Physiotherapy or massage Tx
Comprehensive, supervised rehabilitation program
Flexibility
Strengthening
Task-specific
Correct predisposing factors
Gradual return to activity - ✔✔Sprains and strains of spine tx
✔✔Mechanism
As in sprains and strains
Herniation of nucleus pulposus
Compression of nerve root(s) or spinal cord - ✔✔Intervertebral disc disease
✔✔SSx as for sprains & strains, plus neurologic SSx (e.g. sciatica)
Instability
Osteoarthritis (osteophytes, stenosis) - ✔✔Intervertebral disc disease effects
✔✔Conservative if possible
Surgical (discectomy, laminectomy, fusion) - ✔✔Intervertebral disc disease tx
✔✔Key is balance
Demands with functional capacity
Expectations with realistic goals
Mainstays
Time! (rest, healing)
Cold, heat, NSAIDs, braces
Physiotherapy, massage therapy, chiropractic
Rehabilitation (indefinite)
Correct predisposing factors
May need to change job or sport - ✔✔Management of Back Injuries
✔✔General
Stretching/compression of brachial plexus
SSx
Pain/numbness into arm/fingers
Lasts for several minutes - ✔✔Stinger (spine)
✔✔Axial load, 4th - 6th cervical vert most common (head into boards at hockey),
hyperextension
SSx: Pain in neck chest, extremities, decreased ROM, numbness/weakness in trunk
, Tx: Stabilize, hospital, c - spine collar, spine board (if unconscious assume c spine
injury) - ✔✔fracture of spine
✔✔Function of Thorax? - ✔✔protect vital internal organs and assist in respiration
✔✔true ribs - ✔✔1-7
✔✔false ribs - ✔✔8-10
✔✔floating ribs - ✔✔11-12
✔✔Upper boundary of the thorax? - ✔✔neck
✔✔lower boundary of the thorax? - ✔✔diaphragm
✔✔posterior boundary of the thorax? - ✔✔thoracic vertebrae
✔✔lateral and anterior boundary of the thorax? - ✔✔ribs, sternum, muscles
✔✔how many thoracic vertebrae? - ✔✔12
✔✔list the three parts of the sternum - ✔✔Manubrium (top), body (middle), xiphoid
process (bony bottom)
✔✔true ribs attach by - ✔✔individual cartilage (costochondral)
✔✔8,9,10 ribs share - ✔✔one attachment
✔✔primary muscles of respiration? - ✔✔diaphragm, intercostals
✔✔helps elevate sternum and clavicle when you breathe in - ✔✔sternocleidomastoid
✔✔elevate ribs when breathe in - ✔✔External intercostals
✔✔: flattens, creates negative pressure which allows air to flow in - ✔✔diaphragm
✔✔sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pec minor, serratus anterior - ✔✔accessory muscle of
inspiration
✔✔internal intercostals, transversus thorasus, external/internal oblique, rectus
abdominus - ✔✔accessory muscles of expiration
✔✔place to describe area of heart - ✔✔Mediastinum
