McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology
The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults
and Children
9th Edition
Author(s)Julia Rogers
TEST BANK
Q1. A 6-year-old child presents with recurrent respiratory
infections, chronic otitis media, and infertility later in life is
anticipated because of impaired sperm motility. Electron
microscopy demonstrates defective dynein arms within
cilia. The clinical manifestations are most directly
explained by dysfunction of which cellular component?
A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
B. Microtubules
, C. Intermediate filaments
D. Microfilaments
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
• Clinical Clue: Recurrent respiratory infections with
defective ciliary movement strongly suggests primary
ciliary dyskinesia.
• Mechanism: Dynein arms generate movement along
microtubules within cilia and flagella.
• Why the Correct Answer Is Right: Microtubules form the
structural core of cilia, and dynein-mediated sliding
enables coordinated motility.
• Why the Other Options Are Wrong:
o A. Rough ER is responsible for protein synthesis, not
ciliary motion.
o C. Intermediate filaments provide tensile strength
rather than motility.
o D. Microfilaments mainly participate in contraction
and shape changes.
• Exam Trap: Confusing cytoskeletal elements that maintain
structure with those responsible for active motility.
• High-Yield Clinical Correlation: Kartagener syndrome
results from impaired microtubule-based ciliary activity.
,• Memory Anchor: “Cilia glide on microtubule tracks.”
Q2. A researcher compares bacterial cells with
hepatocytes. The bacterial cells survive despite lacking
membrane-bound organelles because they primarily rely
on which feature for genetic organization and metabolic
coordination?
A. Nuclear envelope
B. Nucleoid region
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Lysosomal compartment
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
• Clinical Clue: Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound
organelles but still maintain functional genetic control.
• Mechanism: Prokaryotic DNA resides within a nucleoid
rather than a membrane-bound nucleus.
• Why the Correct Answer Is Right: The nucleoid permits
transcriptional and metabolic regulation without
compartmentalization.
• Why the Other Options Are Wrong:
o A. Nuclear envelopes are exclusive to eukaryotes.
o C. Golgi complexes are absent in prokaryotes.
, o D. Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found
in eukaryotic cells.
• Exam Trap: Assuming all living cells possess nuclei.
• High-Yield Clinical Correlation: Many antibiotics selectively
target prokaryotic cellular organization and ribosomes.
• Memory Anchor: “Prokaryotes package DNA in a nucleoid,
not a nucleus.”
Q3. A patient with severe alcohol use disorder develops
hepatocellular injury associated with impaired protein
trafficking and accumulation of misfolded proteins.
Dysfunction of which organelle best accounts for this
finding?
A. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B. Peroxisome
C. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
D. Centrosome
Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
• Clinical Clue: Protein accumulation and defective protein
processing indicate rough ER stress.
• Mechanism: Ribosome-studded rough ER synthesizes and
folds secretory and membrane proteins.
The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults
and Children
9th Edition
Author(s)Julia Rogers
TEST BANK
Q1. A 6-year-old child presents with recurrent respiratory
infections, chronic otitis media, and infertility later in life is
anticipated because of impaired sperm motility. Electron
microscopy demonstrates defective dynein arms within
cilia. The clinical manifestations are most directly
explained by dysfunction of which cellular component?
A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
B. Microtubules
, C. Intermediate filaments
D. Microfilaments
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
• Clinical Clue: Recurrent respiratory infections with
defective ciliary movement strongly suggests primary
ciliary dyskinesia.
• Mechanism: Dynein arms generate movement along
microtubules within cilia and flagella.
• Why the Correct Answer Is Right: Microtubules form the
structural core of cilia, and dynein-mediated sliding
enables coordinated motility.
• Why the Other Options Are Wrong:
o A. Rough ER is responsible for protein synthesis, not
ciliary motion.
o C. Intermediate filaments provide tensile strength
rather than motility.
o D. Microfilaments mainly participate in contraction
and shape changes.
• Exam Trap: Confusing cytoskeletal elements that maintain
structure with those responsible for active motility.
• High-Yield Clinical Correlation: Kartagener syndrome
results from impaired microtubule-based ciliary activity.
,• Memory Anchor: “Cilia glide on microtubule tracks.”
Q2. A researcher compares bacterial cells with
hepatocytes. The bacterial cells survive despite lacking
membrane-bound organelles because they primarily rely
on which feature for genetic organization and metabolic
coordination?
A. Nuclear envelope
B. Nucleoid region
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Lysosomal compartment
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
• Clinical Clue: Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound
organelles but still maintain functional genetic control.
• Mechanism: Prokaryotic DNA resides within a nucleoid
rather than a membrane-bound nucleus.
• Why the Correct Answer Is Right: The nucleoid permits
transcriptional and metabolic regulation without
compartmentalization.
• Why the Other Options Are Wrong:
o A. Nuclear envelopes are exclusive to eukaryotes.
o C. Golgi complexes are absent in prokaryotes.
, o D. Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found
in eukaryotic cells.
• Exam Trap: Assuming all living cells possess nuclei.
• High-Yield Clinical Correlation: Many antibiotics selectively
target prokaryotic cellular organization and ribosomes.
• Memory Anchor: “Prokaryotes package DNA in a nucleoid,
not a nucleus.”
Q3. A patient with severe alcohol use disorder develops
hepatocellular injury associated with impaired protein
trafficking and accumulation of misfolded proteins.
Dysfunction of which organelle best accounts for this
finding?
A. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B. Peroxisome
C. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
D. Centrosome
Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
• Clinical Clue: Protein accumulation and defective protein
processing indicate rough ER stress.
• Mechanism: Ribosome-studded rough ER synthesizes and
folds secretory and membrane proteins.
