Patho Exam 1 Norris, Tommie L.
Lippincott Coursepoint For Norris:
Porth's Pathophysiology, 10th Edition.
Coursepoint, 12/14/18. Vitalbook File.
Tissue Integrity
Compressed and eroded blood vessels; ulceration and necrosis; frank bleeding and
hemorrhage - CORRECT ANSWER-
Cancer Cachexia - CORRECT ANSWER- Weight loss and wasting of body fat and
muscle tissue; profound weakness, anorexia, and anemia
Paraneoplastic Syndromes - CORRECT ANSWER- Inappropriate hormone release,
circulating hematopoietic, neurological, and dermatological factors
Hypovolemic shock ("burn shock") results?
Treat with? - CORRECT ANSWER- manifests as < cardiac output, hypotension,
tachycardia, oliguria, massive edema ( watch out for airway !)
treat with large doses of isotonic fluid (Ringer's Lactate)
Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER- When confronted with a decrease in work demands
or adverse environmental conditions, most cells are able to revert to a smaller size and
a lower and more efficient level of functioning that is compatible with survival.
What happens when cells atrophy? - CORRECT ANSWER- Reduce their oxygen
consumption and other cellular functions by decreasing the number and size of their
organelles and other structures.
Fewer mitochondria, myofilaments, and endoplasmic reticulum structures.
When a sufficient number of cells are involved, the entire tissue or muscle atrophies.
,As workload of a cell declines... - CORRECT ANSWER- oxygen consumption and
protein synthesis decrease.
The general causes of atrophy can be grouped into five categories: - CORRECT
ANSWER- 1. Disuse
2. Denervation
3. Loss of endocrine stimulation
4. Inadequate nutrition
5. Ischemia or decreased blood flow
When does disuse atrophy occur? - CORRECT ANSWER- When there is a
reduction in skeletal muscle use.
Lack of endocrine stimulation produces a form.
Ex. Cast
What is denervation atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER- Occurs in the muscles of
paralyzed limbs.
In women, the loss of estrogen stimulation during menopause results: - CORRECT
ANSWER- In atrophic changes in the reproductive organs.
With malnutrition and decreased blood flow, cells? - CORRECT ANSWER- decrease
their size and energy requirements as a means of survival.
Hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER- Represents an increase in cell size and with it
an increase in the amount of functioning tissue mass
Where is hypertrophy commonly seen? - CORRECT ANSWER- commonly seen in
cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue, which cannot adapt to an increase in workload
through mitotic division and formation of more cells.
Pathologic hypertrophy occurs as the result of - CORRECT ANSWER- disease
conditions and may be adaptive or compensatory.
Examples of adaptive hypertrophy are the thickening of the urinary bladder from long-
continued obstruction of urinary outflow and the myocardial hypertrophy that results
from valvular heart disease or hypertension. - CORRECT ANSWER-
Compensatory hypertrophy is the - CORRECT ANSWER- enlargement of a
remaining organ or tissue after a portion has been surgically removed or rendered
inactive.
Example : if one kidney is removed, the remaining kidney enlarges to compensate for
the loss.
,Intracellular signaling cascades promote - CORRECT ANSWER- protein synthesis
and protein stability in which both can increase cardiomyocyte size
Hyperplasia refers to - CORRECT ANSWER- an increase in the number of cells in
an organ or tissue.
It occurs in tissues with cells that are capable of mitotic division, such as the epidermis,
intestinal epithelium, and glandular tissue
Hyperplasia involves activation of - CORRECT ANSWER- genes controlling cell
proliferation and the presence of intracellular messengers that control cell replication
and growth
What kind of process is hyperplasia, and what is it in a response to? - CORRECT
ANSWER- Controlled process that occurs in response to an appropriate stimulus and
ceases after the stimulus has been removed
What are the 2 types of physiologic hyperplasia: - CORRECT ANSWER- hormonal
and compensatory.
Breast and uterine enlargements during pregnancy are examples of a physiologic
hyperplasia that results from estrogen stimulation. - CORRECT ANSWER-
The regeneration of the liver that occurs after partial hepatectomy (i.e., partial removal
of the liver) is an example of compensatory hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER-
Hyperplasia is also an important response of - CORRECT ANSWER- connective
tissue in wound healing, during which proliferating fibroblasts and blood vessels
contribute to wound repair.
Although hypertrophy and hyperplasia are two distinct processes, they may occur
together and are often triggered by the same mechanism
For example, the pregnant uterus undergoes both hypertrophy and hyperplasia as the
result of estrogen stimulation
Nonphysiologic hyperplasia are due to - CORRECT ANSWER- excessive hormonal
stimulation or the effects of growth factors on target tissue
Metaplasia represents what kind of change? - CORRECT ANSWER- reversible
change in which one adult cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another
adult cell type.
, Metaplasia is thought to involve the: - CORRECT ANSWER- reprogramming of
undifferentiated stem cells that are present in the tissue undergoing the metaplastic
changes.1
Metaplasia usually occurs in response to - CORRECT ANSWER- chronic irritation
and inflammation and allows for substitution of cells that are better able to survive under
circumstances in which a more fragile cell type might succumb
Dysplasia is characterized by - CORRECT ANSWER- deranged cell growth of a
specific tissue that results in cells that vary in size, shape, and organization.
Although dysplasia is abnormal, it is - CORRECT ANSWER- adaptive in that it is
potentially reversible after the irritating cause has been removed.
Dysplasia is strongly implicated as a precursor of - CORRECT ANSWER- cancer
Children with BPD are significantly more likely to have - CORRECT ANSWER-
persistent respiratory symptoms at school age such as airway obstruction and
hyperinflation and use asthma medications at school age.
BPD as the need for - CORRECT ANSWER- oxygen supplementation at 36 weeks'
gestational age and predicts greater lung dysfunction and increased respiratory
morbidity at school age.
Intracellular accumulations represent the - CORRECT ANSWER- buildup of
substances that cells cannot immediately use or eliminate.
Intracellular accumulations may accumulate in - CORRECT ANSWER- the
cytoplasm (frequently in the lysosomes) or in the nucleus.
accumulation may be an abnormal substance that the cell has produced
or
the cell may be storing exogenous materials or products of pathologic processes
occurring elsewhere in the body.
The accumulation of normal cellular constituents occurs when a substance is produced
at a rate that? - CORRECT ANSWER- a substance is produced at a rate that
exceeds its metabolism or removal
Abnormal accumulation occurs when the delivery of free fatty acids to the liver is -
CORRECT ANSWER- increased, as in starvation and diabetes mellitus, or when the
intrahepatic metabolism of lipids is disturbed, as in alcoholism.
Lippincott Coursepoint For Norris:
Porth's Pathophysiology, 10th Edition.
Coursepoint, 12/14/18. Vitalbook File.
Tissue Integrity
Compressed and eroded blood vessels; ulceration and necrosis; frank bleeding and
hemorrhage - CORRECT ANSWER-
Cancer Cachexia - CORRECT ANSWER- Weight loss and wasting of body fat and
muscle tissue; profound weakness, anorexia, and anemia
Paraneoplastic Syndromes - CORRECT ANSWER- Inappropriate hormone release,
circulating hematopoietic, neurological, and dermatological factors
Hypovolemic shock ("burn shock") results?
Treat with? - CORRECT ANSWER- manifests as < cardiac output, hypotension,
tachycardia, oliguria, massive edema ( watch out for airway !)
treat with large doses of isotonic fluid (Ringer's Lactate)
Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER- When confronted with a decrease in work demands
or adverse environmental conditions, most cells are able to revert to a smaller size and
a lower and more efficient level of functioning that is compatible with survival.
What happens when cells atrophy? - CORRECT ANSWER- Reduce their oxygen
consumption and other cellular functions by decreasing the number and size of their
organelles and other structures.
Fewer mitochondria, myofilaments, and endoplasmic reticulum structures.
When a sufficient number of cells are involved, the entire tissue or muscle atrophies.
,As workload of a cell declines... - CORRECT ANSWER- oxygen consumption and
protein synthesis decrease.
The general causes of atrophy can be grouped into five categories: - CORRECT
ANSWER- 1. Disuse
2. Denervation
3. Loss of endocrine stimulation
4. Inadequate nutrition
5. Ischemia or decreased blood flow
When does disuse atrophy occur? - CORRECT ANSWER- When there is a
reduction in skeletal muscle use.
Lack of endocrine stimulation produces a form.
Ex. Cast
What is denervation atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER- Occurs in the muscles of
paralyzed limbs.
In women, the loss of estrogen stimulation during menopause results: - CORRECT
ANSWER- In atrophic changes in the reproductive organs.
With malnutrition and decreased blood flow, cells? - CORRECT ANSWER- decrease
their size and energy requirements as a means of survival.
Hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER- Represents an increase in cell size and with it
an increase in the amount of functioning tissue mass
Where is hypertrophy commonly seen? - CORRECT ANSWER- commonly seen in
cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue, which cannot adapt to an increase in workload
through mitotic division and formation of more cells.
Pathologic hypertrophy occurs as the result of - CORRECT ANSWER- disease
conditions and may be adaptive or compensatory.
Examples of adaptive hypertrophy are the thickening of the urinary bladder from long-
continued obstruction of urinary outflow and the myocardial hypertrophy that results
from valvular heart disease or hypertension. - CORRECT ANSWER-
Compensatory hypertrophy is the - CORRECT ANSWER- enlargement of a
remaining organ or tissue after a portion has been surgically removed or rendered
inactive.
Example : if one kidney is removed, the remaining kidney enlarges to compensate for
the loss.
,Intracellular signaling cascades promote - CORRECT ANSWER- protein synthesis
and protein stability in which both can increase cardiomyocyte size
Hyperplasia refers to - CORRECT ANSWER- an increase in the number of cells in
an organ or tissue.
It occurs in tissues with cells that are capable of mitotic division, such as the epidermis,
intestinal epithelium, and glandular tissue
Hyperplasia involves activation of - CORRECT ANSWER- genes controlling cell
proliferation and the presence of intracellular messengers that control cell replication
and growth
What kind of process is hyperplasia, and what is it in a response to? - CORRECT
ANSWER- Controlled process that occurs in response to an appropriate stimulus and
ceases after the stimulus has been removed
What are the 2 types of physiologic hyperplasia: - CORRECT ANSWER- hormonal
and compensatory.
Breast and uterine enlargements during pregnancy are examples of a physiologic
hyperplasia that results from estrogen stimulation. - CORRECT ANSWER-
The regeneration of the liver that occurs after partial hepatectomy (i.e., partial removal
of the liver) is an example of compensatory hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER-
Hyperplasia is also an important response of - CORRECT ANSWER- connective
tissue in wound healing, during which proliferating fibroblasts and blood vessels
contribute to wound repair.
Although hypertrophy and hyperplasia are two distinct processes, they may occur
together and are often triggered by the same mechanism
For example, the pregnant uterus undergoes both hypertrophy and hyperplasia as the
result of estrogen stimulation
Nonphysiologic hyperplasia are due to - CORRECT ANSWER- excessive hormonal
stimulation or the effects of growth factors on target tissue
Metaplasia represents what kind of change? - CORRECT ANSWER- reversible
change in which one adult cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another
adult cell type.
, Metaplasia is thought to involve the: - CORRECT ANSWER- reprogramming of
undifferentiated stem cells that are present in the tissue undergoing the metaplastic
changes.1
Metaplasia usually occurs in response to - CORRECT ANSWER- chronic irritation
and inflammation and allows for substitution of cells that are better able to survive under
circumstances in which a more fragile cell type might succumb
Dysplasia is characterized by - CORRECT ANSWER- deranged cell growth of a
specific tissue that results in cells that vary in size, shape, and organization.
Although dysplasia is abnormal, it is - CORRECT ANSWER- adaptive in that it is
potentially reversible after the irritating cause has been removed.
Dysplasia is strongly implicated as a precursor of - CORRECT ANSWER- cancer
Children with BPD are significantly more likely to have - CORRECT ANSWER-
persistent respiratory symptoms at school age such as airway obstruction and
hyperinflation and use asthma medications at school age.
BPD as the need for - CORRECT ANSWER- oxygen supplementation at 36 weeks'
gestational age and predicts greater lung dysfunction and increased respiratory
morbidity at school age.
Intracellular accumulations represent the - CORRECT ANSWER- buildup of
substances that cells cannot immediately use or eliminate.
Intracellular accumulations may accumulate in - CORRECT ANSWER- the
cytoplasm (frequently in the lysosomes) or in the nucleus.
accumulation may be an abnormal substance that the cell has produced
or
the cell may be storing exogenous materials or products of pathologic processes
occurring elsewhere in the body.
The accumulation of normal cellular constituents occurs when a substance is produced
at a rate that? - CORRECT ANSWER- a substance is produced at a rate that
exceeds its metabolism or removal
Abnormal accumulation occurs when the delivery of free fatty acids to the liver is -
CORRECT ANSWER- increased, as in starvation and diabetes mellitus, or when the
intrahepatic metabolism of lipids is disturbed, as in alcoholism.
