NPLEX 1 LATEST 2026 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Purines and Pyrimidines - ✔✔Purine: A, G (double ring). Needs folate for synthesis.
And xanthine oxidase.
Pyrimidine: C,U,T. Needs folate only 50% for synthesis.
✔✔Enzyme that frees AA from phospholipid bilayer - ✔✔Phosholipase A2
✔✔Urea Cycle RL enzyme - ✔✔Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase I
✔✔Pyrimidine synthesis RL enzyme - ✔✔Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase II
✔✔Purine breakdown enzyme blocked by Allopurinol - ✔✔Xanthine oxidase. Leaky.
Requires Molybdenum as cofactor
✔✔Vit K dependent clotting factors - ✔✔II, VII, IX, X
✔✔Deficiency of this enzyme results in Hemolytic anemia and Heinz bodies d/t poor
RBC antioxidant activity - ✔✔Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
✔✔MC urea cycle enzyme deficiency (x-linked recessive) - ✔✔ornithine
transcarbamylase
✔✔What are the 4 hypersensitivity reactions - ✔✔Type I: IgE, anaphylaxis
Type II: Antibody mediated
Type III: Immune complex (Ab+Ag) mediated
Type IV: T cell mediated
✔✔What are the 4 types of immunoglobulins - ✔✔IgA: Secretory
IgE: Allergy, type I hypersensitivity, parasites
IgM: First responder
IgG: Long term memory
✔✔Name and differentiate leukocytes, lymphocytes, granulocytes, agranulocytes -
✔✔Leukocytes = all white blood cells
Lymphocytes = from lymphoid progenitor: T cells, B cells, NK cells
Granulocytes = Eosinophils, Basophils, Neutrophils. From myeloid progenitor (also
monocytes, platelets, RBCs from myeloid)
Agranulocytes = Lymphocytes + monocytes
✔✔What are the Interleukins - ✔✔HOT T Bone Steak CAG1
IL-1: fever
IL-2: T cells
, IL-3: Bone marrow
IL-4: TH2, IgE
IL-5: Eosinophils, IgA
IL-6: Akute phase reactants
IL-8: Chemotaxis
IL-10: Attenuate inflammation
IL-11: IgG
IL-12: Th1
✔✔MC cause of childhood diarrhea - ✔✔Rotavirus
✔✔Second MC cause of childhood diarrhea - ✔✔Adenovirus
✔✔MC cause of diarrhea worldwide - ✔✔Norovirus
✔✔Which Hepatitis is a DNA virus (others are RNA) - ✔✔Hep B
✔✔What are the TORCH diseases - ✔✔T = Toxoplasmosis
O = other (syphilis, varicella zoster, parvovirus B19)
R = Rubella
C = Cytomegalovirus
H = Herpes
✔✔Where does each CN originate from in the brainstem? - ✔✔Midbrain: 3,4
Pons: 5,6,7,8
Medulla: 9,10,11,12
(1,2 from diencephalon, above brainstem)
✔✔Which muscles do CN 4 and 6 control? - ✔✔CN4: Trochlear = superior oblique =
down and out
CN6: Abducens = lateral rectus = out
✔✔Which muscle does CN9 innervate? - ✔✔CN9: Glossopharyngeal =
stylopharyngeus
✔✔Which sense is associated with the lateral geniculate nucleus vs the medial
geniculate nucleus? - ✔✔Lateral = Vision
Medial = Hearing
✔✔What results from a lesion to Wernicke's area or Broca's area in the left
hemisphere? - ✔✔Wernicke: Sensory aphasia (can't understand)
Brocas: Motor aphasia (can't speak)
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Purines and Pyrimidines - ✔✔Purine: A, G (double ring). Needs folate for synthesis.
And xanthine oxidase.
Pyrimidine: C,U,T. Needs folate only 50% for synthesis.
✔✔Enzyme that frees AA from phospholipid bilayer - ✔✔Phosholipase A2
✔✔Urea Cycle RL enzyme - ✔✔Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase I
✔✔Pyrimidine synthesis RL enzyme - ✔✔Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase II
✔✔Purine breakdown enzyme blocked by Allopurinol - ✔✔Xanthine oxidase. Leaky.
Requires Molybdenum as cofactor
✔✔Vit K dependent clotting factors - ✔✔II, VII, IX, X
✔✔Deficiency of this enzyme results in Hemolytic anemia and Heinz bodies d/t poor
RBC antioxidant activity - ✔✔Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
✔✔MC urea cycle enzyme deficiency (x-linked recessive) - ✔✔ornithine
transcarbamylase
✔✔What are the 4 hypersensitivity reactions - ✔✔Type I: IgE, anaphylaxis
Type II: Antibody mediated
Type III: Immune complex (Ab+Ag) mediated
Type IV: T cell mediated
✔✔What are the 4 types of immunoglobulins - ✔✔IgA: Secretory
IgE: Allergy, type I hypersensitivity, parasites
IgM: First responder
IgG: Long term memory
✔✔Name and differentiate leukocytes, lymphocytes, granulocytes, agranulocytes -
✔✔Leukocytes = all white blood cells
Lymphocytes = from lymphoid progenitor: T cells, B cells, NK cells
Granulocytes = Eosinophils, Basophils, Neutrophils. From myeloid progenitor (also
monocytes, platelets, RBCs from myeloid)
Agranulocytes = Lymphocytes + monocytes
✔✔What are the Interleukins - ✔✔HOT T Bone Steak CAG1
IL-1: fever
IL-2: T cells
, IL-3: Bone marrow
IL-4: TH2, IgE
IL-5: Eosinophils, IgA
IL-6: Akute phase reactants
IL-8: Chemotaxis
IL-10: Attenuate inflammation
IL-11: IgG
IL-12: Th1
✔✔MC cause of childhood diarrhea - ✔✔Rotavirus
✔✔Second MC cause of childhood diarrhea - ✔✔Adenovirus
✔✔MC cause of diarrhea worldwide - ✔✔Norovirus
✔✔Which Hepatitis is a DNA virus (others are RNA) - ✔✔Hep B
✔✔What are the TORCH diseases - ✔✔T = Toxoplasmosis
O = other (syphilis, varicella zoster, parvovirus B19)
R = Rubella
C = Cytomegalovirus
H = Herpes
✔✔Where does each CN originate from in the brainstem? - ✔✔Midbrain: 3,4
Pons: 5,6,7,8
Medulla: 9,10,11,12
(1,2 from diencephalon, above brainstem)
✔✔Which muscles do CN 4 and 6 control? - ✔✔CN4: Trochlear = superior oblique =
down and out
CN6: Abducens = lateral rectus = out
✔✔Which muscle does CN9 innervate? - ✔✔CN9: Glossopharyngeal =
stylopharyngeus
✔✔Which sense is associated with the lateral geniculate nucleus vs the medial
geniculate nucleus? - ✔✔Lateral = Vision
Medial = Hearing
✔✔What results from a lesion to Wernicke's area or Broca's area in the left
hemisphere? - ✔✔Wernicke: Sensory aphasia (can't understand)
Brocas: Motor aphasia (can't speak)
