CLTM STUDY EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 100% PASS
BAEP / R - ANS Brainstem auditory evoked potential / response
-Diagnosis for cerbellopontine angle tumors, mutliple sclerosis, brainstem lesions, metabolic
and toxic encephalopathies,brain death, and early prediction of outcome in postraumatic coma,
Kindling - ANS Development of epileptic seizures (in rats) that results from repeated focal
stimulation and leads to the development of a predisposition to epileptiform convulsions.
Similar to a log will not burn unless it's kindled.
Mirror Focus Phenomenon - ANS Concept that an actively discharging epileptiform region
may induce paroxymal behavior in a homologous site. Related to the kindling phenomena that
occur through interhemispheric callosal or commissural connections. It means that secondary
epileptogenic foci develop in the contralateral hemispheric by the corpus collusum
Aura - ANS Initial sensation(s) of a seizure that the patient is aware of in the absence of
observable signs. Provides localizing information in some cases. Precedes temporal lobe
seizures in many cases
The Principle of Beneficence - ANS An ethical principle that addresses the idea that a medical
professional's actions should promote good by having the welfare of the patient as a goal of any
treatment. Actions should weigh possible benefits to risks and prevent and remove harm in any
situation and should advocate for high standards for the greater good.
QEEG - ANS Type of EEG that allows visualization of up to several hours of EEG data in a single
screen display. Commonly referred to as a trend analysis. This type of EEG trending for seizure
detection is based on amplitude, frequency, rhythmicity and degree of asymmetry.
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 1 OF 37
,Coup - ANS Closed head injury / whiplash. The injury is when brain are damage is on the
same side as the external force of the injury
Contra Coup - ANS Brain injury is contralateral to the external force of injury. The brain moves
away from the external object along with the head, but the brain eventually impacts the side of
the skull, causing damage
A deficit in one visual field indicates a lesion in the: - ANS Contralateral occipital lobe (or
optic pathway posterior to the optic chiasm
According to guideline 12, the clinical indications for ambulatory continuous EEG recordings -
ANS Appropriate for documentation and quantification of ictal (clinical and subclinical) and
interictal EEG features and assessment of their relationship to reported behavior. It is also
applicable in an inpatient setting, particularly when characterization of EEG features as is
required in presurgical evaluation
Loss of pupillary reflexes indicates: - ANS Loss of brainstem fuction
Occulocephalic reflex testing: In a comatose patient, when the head is rotated to the side and
the eyes do not follow the head movement, but lag or remain as if fixed on an object. This
indicates: - ANS The reflex is positive, brainstem function is present
Oculocephalic reflex testing: In a comatose patient, when the head is rotated to the side and the
eyes stay in the same position relative to the head as they would in a conscious patient. This
indicates: - ANS The reflex is absent, brainstem function is impaired
Cold caloric testing: Cold water squirted into the ear canal produces a beating nystagmus
toward the stimulated ear. This indicates: - ANS The reflex is positive, brainstem function
(pons, medulla) is present
Cold caloric testing: Cold water squirted into the ear canal produces no eye movement. This
indicates: - ANS The reflex is absent, brainstem function (pon, medulla) is impaired
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 2 OF 37
,The babinski sign or plantar response consists of: - ANS Upgoing big toe and/or fanning of all
toes when the sole of the foot is stroked with a blunt object from heel towards toes
To be considered oriented x3, what questions does the patient need to be able to answer -
ANS Who they are, where they are, and the current date
4 aspects of the neurological exam that help to determine brain death: - ANS 1. Pupillary
reflexes (fixed and dilated), 2. Cold caloric testing (Absent) 3. Oculocephalic reflexes (absent) 4.
Response to painful stimuli (absent, not counting spinal reflexes)
In decerebrate posturing, the arms will: - ANS Stiffen and extend at the patient's side, wrists
will flex
In decorticate posturing, the arms will - ANS flex over the chest and rotate inward
Stereognosis - ANS Ability to recognize objects by touch
Graphesthesia - ANS Ability to recognize numbers and letters written on skin by the sensation
of touch
AED treatment options for absence seizures - ANS First line: Ethosuximide (Brand name:
Zarontin), Methsuxmide (brand name: Celontin)
First line AED treatment option for infantile spasms: - ANS ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic
hormone)
First line AED treatment options for partial seizures - ANS First line: 1. Carbamezipine (Brand
name: Carbatrol/Epitol/Equetro) 2. Gabapentin (Brand name:Neurontin, Gralise) 3. Lacosamide
(Brand name: Vimpat)
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 3 OF 37
, First line AED treatment option for generalized tonic-clonic seizures are: - ANS Carbamezipine
(Brand: Epitol, Tegretol), Ehtotoin (Brand: Peganone), Phenytoin (Brand:Dilantin), Primidone
(Brand: Mysoline)
Types of seizures is the AED, Clobazam (Brand name: Onfi), used to treat: -
ANS Phenobarbital
Types of seizures the AED, Clobazam (Brand name: Onfi), used to treat: - ANS Lennox-Gastaut
syndrome
One of the first and oldest seizure drugs, still used in the treatment of epilepsy, and is a long-
acting sedative drug with anticonvulsant action - ANS Phenobarbital
Type of seizure the AED, Oxcarbazepine (Brand names: Trileptal, Oxtellar XR), used to treat: -
ANS AED types for Focal (Partia) seizures
First line AED treatment option for Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: - ANS Valproic Acid
AED used for treating seizures that occur in the temporal lobe - ANS Carbamezipine (Brand
names: Carbatrol/Tegretol/Epitol/Equestro)
Indications for Corpus Callosotomy - ANS Refractory generalized seizures (tonic, clonic,
atonic), resistance to AED therapy, and cognitive decline. Infantile hemiplegia and frontal lobe
epilepsy, Rasmussen syndrome. Primary indications have been drop attacks (tonic, atonic) and
in treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
EEG changes associated with normal aging - ANS Slowing of dominant rhythm, increase in
temporal slowing, bursts of generalized rhythmic delta activity during drowsiness, diffuse lower
voltage
The amplitude of the PDR generally decreases with age due to:
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 4 OF 37
ANSWERS 100% PASS
BAEP / R - ANS Brainstem auditory evoked potential / response
-Diagnosis for cerbellopontine angle tumors, mutliple sclerosis, brainstem lesions, metabolic
and toxic encephalopathies,brain death, and early prediction of outcome in postraumatic coma,
Kindling - ANS Development of epileptic seizures (in rats) that results from repeated focal
stimulation and leads to the development of a predisposition to epileptiform convulsions.
Similar to a log will not burn unless it's kindled.
Mirror Focus Phenomenon - ANS Concept that an actively discharging epileptiform region
may induce paroxymal behavior in a homologous site. Related to the kindling phenomena that
occur through interhemispheric callosal or commissural connections. It means that secondary
epileptogenic foci develop in the contralateral hemispheric by the corpus collusum
Aura - ANS Initial sensation(s) of a seizure that the patient is aware of in the absence of
observable signs. Provides localizing information in some cases. Precedes temporal lobe
seizures in many cases
The Principle of Beneficence - ANS An ethical principle that addresses the idea that a medical
professional's actions should promote good by having the welfare of the patient as a goal of any
treatment. Actions should weigh possible benefits to risks and prevent and remove harm in any
situation and should advocate for high standards for the greater good.
QEEG - ANS Type of EEG that allows visualization of up to several hours of EEG data in a single
screen display. Commonly referred to as a trend analysis. This type of EEG trending for seizure
detection is based on amplitude, frequency, rhythmicity and degree of asymmetry.
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 1 OF 37
,Coup - ANS Closed head injury / whiplash. The injury is when brain are damage is on the
same side as the external force of the injury
Contra Coup - ANS Brain injury is contralateral to the external force of injury. The brain moves
away from the external object along with the head, but the brain eventually impacts the side of
the skull, causing damage
A deficit in one visual field indicates a lesion in the: - ANS Contralateral occipital lobe (or
optic pathway posterior to the optic chiasm
According to guideline 12, the clinical indications for ambulatory continuous EEG recordings -
ANS Appropriate for documentation and quantification of ictal (clinical and subclinical) and
interictal EEG features and assessment of their relationship to reported behavior. It is also
applicable in an inpatient setting, particularly when characterization of EEG features as is
required in presurgical evaluation
Loss of pupillary reflexes indicates: - ANS Loss of brainstem fuction
Occulocephalic reflex testing: In a comatose patient, when the head is rotated to the side and
the eyes do not follow the head movement, but lag or remain as if fixed on an object. This
indicates: - ANS The reflex is positive, brainstem function is present
Oculocephalic reflex testing: In a comatose patient, when the head is rotated to the side and the
eyes stay in the same position relative to the head as they would in a conscious patient. This
indicates: - ANS The reflex is absent, brainstem function is impaired
Cold caloric testing: Cold water squirted into the ear canal produces a beating nystagmus
toward the stimulated ear. This indicates: - ANS The reflex is positive, brainstem function
(pons, medulla) is present
Cold caloric testing: Cold water squirted into the ear canal produces no eye movement. This
indicates: - ANS The reflex is absent, brainstem function (pon, medulla) is impaired
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 2 OF 37
,The babinski sign or plantar response consists of: - ANS Upgoing big toe and/or fanning of all
toes when the sole of the foot is stroked with a blunt object from heel towards toes
To be considered oriented x3, what questions does the patient need to be able to answer -
ANS Who they are, where they are, and the current date
4 aspects of the neurological exam that help to determine brain death: - ANS 1. Pupillary
reflexes (fixed and dilated), 2. Cold caloric testing (Absent) 3. Oculocephalic reflexes (absent) 4.
Response to painful stimuli (absent, not counting spinal reflexes)
In decerebrate posturing, the arms will: - ANS Stiffen and extend at the patient's side, wrists
will flex
In decorticate posturing, the arms will - ANS flex over the chest and rotate inward
Stereognosis - ANS Ability to recognize objects by touch
Graphesthesia - ANS Ability to recognize numbers and letters written on skin by the sensation
of touch
AED treatment options for absence seizures - ANS First line: Ethosuximide (Brand name:
Zarontin), Methsuxmide (brand name: Celontin)
First line AED treatment option for infantile spasms: - ANS ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic
hormone)
First line AED treatment options for partial seizures - ANS First line: 1. Carbamezipine (Brand
name: Carbatrol/Epitol/Equetro) 2. Gabapentin (Brand name:Neurontin, Gralise) 3. Lacosamide
(Brand name: Vimpat)
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 3 OF 37
, First line AED treatment option for generalized tonic-clonic seizures are: - ANS Carbamezipine
(Brand: Epitol, Tegretol), Ehtotoin (Brand: Peganone), Phenytoin (Brand:Dilantin), Primidone
(Brand: Mysoline)
Types of seizures is the AED, Clobazam (Brand name: Onfi), used to treat: -
ANS Phenobarbital
Types of seizures the AED, Clobazam (Brand name: Onfi), used to treat: - ANS Lennox-Gastaut
syndrome
One of the first and oldest seizure drugs, still used in the treatment of epilepsy, and is a long-
acting sedative drug with anticonvulsant action - ANS Phenobarbital
Type of seizure the AED, Oxcarbazepine (Brand names: Trileptal, Oxtellar XR), used to treat: -
ANS AED types for Focal (Partia) seizures
First line AED treatment option for Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: - ANS Valproic Acid
AED used for treating seizures that occur in the temporal lobe - ANS Carbamezipine (Brand
names: Carbatrol/Tegretol/Epitol/Equestro)
Indications for Corpus Callosotomy - ANS Refractory generalized seizures (tonic, clonic,
atonic), resistance to AED therapy, and cognitive decline. Infantile hemiplegia and frontal lobe
epilepsy, Rasmussen syndrome. Primary indications have been drop attacks (tonic, atonic) and
in treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
EEG changes associated with normal aging - ANS Slowing of dominant rhythm, increase in
temporal slowing, bursts of generalized rhythmic delta activity during drowsiness, diffuse lower
voltage
The amplitude of the PDR generally decreases with age due to:
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 4 OF 37
