BI 231 - Human Anatomy & Physiology
Final Exam Study Guide 2026
1. Which of the following is the cell that maintains and Osteocyte
remodels in the middle of an osteon?
2. Several years ago Nichole had a cate that developed a pathological fracture
limp. After a few months, the scapula grew a softball
size mass above the affected limb. Along with oth-
er symptoms, osteosarcoma/bone cancer wad diag-
nosed. One day after work, Nichole found her cat could
not weight bear on the affected limb. The Vet stated
the cat had a broken scapula. What caused the break?
3. The outer ring of impact bone tissue in the diaphysis circumferential lamella
of long bone, situated deep to the periosteum is called
the
4. Scurvy is a disease that manifests when there is not gomphoses
sufficient Vitamin C to support collagen production.
Sailors, who often lacked Vitamin C during long voy-
ages, often lost their teeth. What joints are affected by
this vitamin deficiency?
5. An X-ray revealed that Jill suffered from a fracture of In the diaphysis
her left tibia while she was playing soccer in junior
high school. The bone was set, without surgery, and
she had to have a cast on her leg for 6 weeks. A year
after the accident, her left tibia and her right tibia were
essentially the same length, The break was most likely
6. Arrange the following events to form the process of Cartilage model forms
primary ossification during endochondral ossification Chondrocytes hypertro-
phy
cartilage matrix calcifies
and chondrocytes die
, BI 231 - Human Anatomy & Physiology
Final Exam Study Guide 2026
blood vessels from the pe-
riosteum invade calcified
cartilage bringing in os-
teoblasts and osteoclasts
7. A physician was performing orthoscopic surgery on ligament, fibrous scapula,
Mona Lot's knee. Which of the following best repre- synovial membrane, syn-
sents the sequence of layers of the joint trough which ovial fluid
the orthoscope must pass
8. The function of the bursa is most closely associated providing a fluid-filled
with cushion around the joint
9. Before a person stops growing the epiphyseal plate at synchondrosis
the metaphysics of long bones is classified as a
10. The sequence that best describes the events that pro- proliferation
duces growth at the metaphysics is hypertrophy
calcification
cell death
ossification
remodeling
11. Which of the following is the component of bone ma- Collagen fibers
trix responsible for bones having some flex when hit?
12. Provide 3 the locations we have discussed in which The first location of Ca++
Ca++ s used between smooth and skeletal muscle. is in skeletal muscle, when
the nerve signal (ac-
tion potential) enters the
synaptic knob and calcium
rushes in from the other
side.
Final Exam Study Guide 2026
1. Which of the following is the cell that maintains and Osteocyte
remodels in the middle of an osteon?
2. Several years ago Nichole had a cate that developed a pathological fracture
limp. After a few months, the scapula grew a softball
size mass above the affected limb. Along with oth-
er symptoms, osteosarcoma/bone cancer wad diag-
nosed. One day after work, Nichole found her cat could
not weight bear on the affected limb. The Vet stated
the cat had a broken scapula. What caused the break?
3. The outer ring of impact bone tissue in the diaphysis circumferential lamella
of long bone, situated deep to the periosteum is called
the
4. Scurvy is a disease that manifests when there is not gomphoses
sufficient Vitamin C to support collagen production.
Sailors, who often lacked Vitamin C during long voy-
ages, often lost their teeth. What joints are affected by
this vitamin deficiency?
5. An X-ray revealed that Jill suffered from a fracture of In the diaphysis
her left tibia while she was playing soccer in junior
high school. The bone was set, without surgery, and
she had to have a cast on her leg for 6 weeks. A year
after the accident, her left tibia and her right tibia were
essentially the same length, The break was most likely
6. Arrange the following events to form the process of Cartilage model forms
primary ossification during endochondral ossification Chondrocytes hypertro-
phy
cartilage matrix calcifies
and chondrocytes die
, BI 231 - Human Anatomy & Physiology
Final Exam Study Guide 2026
blood vessels from the pe-
riosteum invade calcified
cartilage bringing in os-
teoblasts and osteoclasts
7. A physician was performing orthoscopic surgery on ligament, fibrous scapula,
Mona Lot's knee. Which of the following best repre- synovial membrane, syn-
sents the sequence of layers of the joint trough which ovial fluid
the orthoscope must pass
8. The function of the bursa is most closely associated providing a fluid-filled
with cushion around the joint
9. Before a person stops growing the epiphyseal plate at synchondrosis
the metaphysics of long bones is classified as a
10. The sequence that best describes the events that pro- proliferation
duces growth at the metaphysics is hypertrophy
calcification
cell death
ossification
remodeling
11. Which of the following is the component of bone ma- Collagen fibers
trix responsible for bones having some flex when hit?
12. Provide 3 the locations we have discussed in which The first location of Ca++
Ca++ s used between smooth and skeletal muscle. is in skeletal muscle, when
the nerve signal (ac-
tion potential) enters the
synaptic knob and calcium
rushes in from the other
side.
