IVCA FINAL PAPER 2026 CERTIFICATION
EVALUATION QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
●● What are the two adjacent articulating surfaces and all the tissues
between them called?
Answer: Motion Unit
●● Where does the chiropractor perform the adjustment?
Answer: Paraphysiological space
●● What is the area known as taking motion to tension, where motion is
assessed, VSC is diagnosed, and where adjustment is performed?
Answer: Elastic Barrier
●● Chiropractic diagnoses and adjustments are performed within what
range?
Answer: Normal range of motion
●● What is the primary job of ligaments?
Answer: Keep Normal Range of Motion
,●● What are the three parts of the hand used for adjusting large animals?
Answer: Thenar, Pisiform, Heel of Hand
●● From where do two-handed adjustments LOC come?
Answer: Episternal notch
●● From where do single-handed adjustments LOC come?
Answer: Elbow
●● What are the bony borders of the spinal canal?
Answer: Body/Corpus, Pedicles (2), Laminae
●● What is the canine transverse process curved for?
Answer: Mobility
●● What is the equine transverse process straight for?
Answer: Weight bearing
●● What is the portion of the disc that provides stability, has outer pain
fibers, less water content, and is fibrous in texture?
Answer: Annulus Fibrosis
,●● What is the portion of the disc that is mostly water, has no nerve or
blood supply, absorbs shock, and is gelatinous in texture?
Answer: Nucleus pulposes
●● How does the disc get nutrition, specifically in the nucleus pulposes?
Answer: Imbibition
●● What is the spinal cord length in the equine?
Answer: Foramen Magnum to L3
●● What is the spinal cord length in canine?
Answer: Foramen Magnum to L5/L6
●● What is the spinal cord length in feline?
Answer: Foramen Magnum to sacrum
●● What joint only exists in equines and rhinos and provides more
stability and motion?
Answer: Intertransverse Joint
●● What movement does the intertransverse joint allow?
Answer: Flexion and Extension
, ●● What movement does the intertransverse joint limit?
Answer: Lateral flexion
●● What are the soft borders of the IVF?
Answer: Ligamentum flavum, joint capsule, Disc
●● What are the bony borders of IVF?
Answer: Pedicles, Vertebral Notches
●● What areas in the spine do not allow for coupled motion?
Answer: Occiput, C1, C2
●● What is the primary pivot point in the pelvis?
Answer: Pubic symphysis
●● What segment is located in between the tuber sacrales in the equine
spine?
Answer: S1
●● What is the first palpable sacral segment of the equine?
Answer: S2
EVALUATION QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
●● What are the two adjacent articulating surfaces and all the tissues
between them called?
Answer: Motion Unit
●● Where does the chiropractor perform the adjustment?
Answer: Paraphysiological space
●● What is the area known as taking motion to tension, where motion is
assessed, VSC is diagnosed, and where adjustment is performed?
Answer: Elastic Barrier
●● Chiropractic diagnoses and adjustments are performed within what
range?
Answer: Normal range of motion
●● What is the primary job of ligaments?
Answer: Keep Normal Range of Motion
,●● What are the three parts of the hand used for adjusting large animals?
Answer: Thenar, Pisiform, Heel of Hand
●● From where do two-handed adjustments LOC come?
Answer: Episternal notch
●● From where do single-handed adjustments LOC come?
Answer: Elbow
●● What are the bony borders of the spinal canal?
Answer: Body/Corpus, Pedicles (2), Laminae
●● What is the canine transverse process curved for?
Answer: Mobility
●● What is the equine transverse process straight for?
Answer: Weight bearing
●● What is the portion of the disc that provides stability, has outer pain
fibers, less water content, and is fibrous in texture?
Answer: Annulus Fibrosis
,●● What is the portion of the disc that is mostly water, has no nerve or
blood supply, absorbs shock, and is gelatinous in texture?
Answer: Nucleus pulposes
●● How does the disc get nutrition, specifically in the nucleus pulposes?
Answer: Imbibition
●● What is the spinal cord length in the equine?
Answer: Foramen Magnum to L3
●● What is the spinal cord length in canine?
Answer: Foramen Magnum to L5/L6
●● What is the spinal cord length in feline?
Answer: Foramen Magnum to sacrum
●● What joint only exists in equines and rhinos and provides more
stability and motion?
Answer: Intertransverse Joint
●● What movement does the intertransverse joint allow?
Answer: Flexion and Extension
, ●● What movement does the intertransverse joint limit?
Answer: Lateral flexion
●● What are the soft borders of the IVF?
Answer: Ligamentum flavum, joint capsule, Disc
●● What are the bony borders of IVF?
Answer: Pedicles, Vertebral Notches
●● What areas in the spine do not allow for coupled motion?
Answer: Occiput, C1, C2
●● What is the primary pivot point in the pelvis?
Answer: Pubic symphysis
●● What segment is located in between the tuber sacrales in the equine
spine?
Answer: S1
●● What is the first palpable sacral segment of the equine?
Answer: S2
