Pathophysiology Exam 2 Review (Advanced
Physiology and Pathophysiology Midterm and
Final Exam Prep Test Bank 1)
Where does red blood cell (RBC) production occur? - Answer--In the bone marrow.
What stimulates the release of erythropoietin (EPO)? - Answer--Hypoxia.
What is the sequence of RBC development starting from hematopoietic stem cells? -
Answer--Hematopoietic stem cell → Myeloid progenitor → Proerythroblast →
Reticulocyte → Mature erythrocyte.
What are the requirements for erythropoiesis? - Answer--Iron for hemoglobin
synthesis, Vitamin B12 and Folate for DNA synthesis, and EPO for proliferation
signal.
What does a high reticulocyte count indicate? - Answer--Hemolysis or blood loss.
What does a low reticulocyte count indicate? - Answer--Bone marrow suppression or
deficiency.
What is the classification of anemia based on MCV? - Answer--<80 = microcytic,
80-100 = normocytic, >100 = macrocytic.
What are common causes of microcytic anemia? - Answer--Iron deficiency,
Thalassemia, Anemia of chronic disease (late).
What are common causes of macrocytic anemia? - Answer--Vitamin B12 deficiency,
Folate deficiency, Alcohol use, Liver disease.
What is Polycythemia Vera? - Answer--A myeloproliferative neoplasm caused by
JAK2 mutation leading to autonomous RBC production.
What are the symptoms of Polycythemia Vera? - Answer--Headache, dizziness,
pruritus (especially after warm showers), splenomegaly.
What is the role of Vitamin B12 in the body? - Answer--DNA synthesis and myelin
formation.
, What are the neurologic signs of Vitamin B12 deficiency? - Answer--Paresthesia,
loss of vibration sense, ataxia.
What is the mechanism of Anemia of Chronic Disease (ACD)? -
Answer--Inflammation leads to increased IL-6, which increases Hepcidin, blocking
iron release from macrophages.
What are Reed-Sternberg cells? - Answer--Large, bilobed 'owl-eye' cells seen in
Hodgkin lymphoma, which are malignant B cells.
What causes Sickle Cell Crisis? - Answer--A mutation in the beta-globin gene
leading to HbS polymerization under hypoxia.
What are the complications of Sickle Cell Crisis? - Answer--Stroke, organ infarction,
infection (functional asplenia).
What differentiates Aplastic Anemia from Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)? -
Answer--Aplastic Anemia has hypocellular marrow with no abnormal cells, while
MDS has hypercellular marrow with dysplastic cells.
What is a proto-oncogene? - Answer--A normal growth-promoting gene that can
become an oncogene through mutation, leading to uncontrolled proliferation.
What is the function of Growth Hormone (GH)? - Answer--Stimulates the liver to
produce IGF-1.
What are the lab findings in SIADH? - Answer--Low serum sodium, low serum
osmolality, high urine osmolality, euvolemic hyponatremia.
What are the lab findings in Diabetes Insipidus? - Answer--High serum sodium, low
urine osmolality, polyuria.
What is the first step in evaluating thyroid disorders? - Answer--Measure TSH.
What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism? - Answer--Weight loss, heat intolerance,
tachycardia.
What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism? - Answer--Weight gain, cold intolerance,
bradycardia.
What is the primary characteristic of Polycystic Kidney Disease? - Answer--It is
autosomal dominant and can lead to hypertension and berry aneurysms.
Physiology and Pathophysiology Midterm and
Final Exam Prep Test Bank 1)
Where does red blood cell (RBC) production occur? - Answer--In the bone marrow.
What stimulates the release of erythropoietin (EPO)? - Answer--Hypoxia.
What is the sequence of RBC development starting from hematopoietic stem cells? -
Answer--Hematopoietic stem cell → Myeloid progenitor → Proerythroblast →
Reticulocyte → Mature erythrocyte.
What are the requirements for erythropoiesis? - Answer--Iron for hemoglobin
synthesis, Vitamin B12 and Folate for DNA synthesis, and EPO for proliferation
signal.
What does a high reticulocyte count indicate? - Answer--Hemolysis or blood loss.
What does a low reticulocyte count indicate? - Answer--Bone marrow suppression or
deficiency.
What is the classification of anemia based on MCV? - Answer--<80 = microcytic,
80-100 = normocytic, >100 = macrocytic.
What are common causes of microcytic anemia? - Answer--Iron deficiency,
Thalassemia, Anemia of chronic disease (late).
What are common causes of macrocytic anemia? - Answer--Vitamin B12 deficiency,
Folate deficiency, Alcohol use, Liver disease.
What is Polycythemia Vera? - Answer--A myeloproliferative neoplasm caused by
JAK2 mutation leading to autonomous RBC production.
What are the symptoms of Polycythemia Vera? - Answer--Headache, dizziness,
pruritus (especially after warm showers), splenomegaly.
What is the role of Vitamin B12 in the body? - Answer--DNA synthesis and myelin
formation.
, What are the neurologic signs of Vitamin B12 deficiency? - Answer--Paresthesia,
loss of vibration sense, ataxia.
What is the mechanism of Anemia of Chronic Disease (ACD)? -
Answer--Inflammation leads to increased IL-6, which increases Hepcidin, blocking
iron release from macrophages.
What are Reed-Sternberg cells? - Answer--Large, bilobed 'owl-eye' cells seen in
Hodgkin lymphoma, which are malignant B cells.
What causes Sickle Cell Crisis? - Answer--A mutation in the beta-globin gene
leading to HbS polymerization under hypoxia.
What are the complications of Sickle Cell Crisis? - Answer--Stroke, organ infarction,
infection (functional asplenia).
What differentiates Aplastic Anemia from Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)? -
Answer--Aplastic Anemia has hypocellular marrow with no abnormal cells, while
MDS has hypercellular marrow with dysplastic cells.
What is a proto-oncogene? - Answer--A normal growth-promoting gene that can
become an oncogene through mutation, leading to uncontrolled proliferation.
What is the function of Growth Hormone (GH)? - Answer--Stimulates the liver to
produce IGF-1.
What are the lab findings in SIADH? - Answer--Low serum sodium, low serum
osmolality, high urine osmolality, euvolemic hyponatremia.
What are the lab findings in Diabetes Insipidus? - Answer--High serum sodium, low
urine osmolality, polyuria.
What is the first step in evaluating thyroid disorders? - Answer--Measure TSH.
What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism? - Answer--Weight loss, heat intolerance,
tachycardia.
What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism? - Answer--Weight gain, cold intolerance,
bradycardia.
What is the primary characteristic of Polycystic Kidney Disease? - Answer--It is
autosomal dominant and can lead to hypertension and berry aneurysms.
