2026 graded A+
1|Page
1. Cell - Answer-The basic unit of structure and function of living things
2. Tissue - Answer-A group of similar cells that perform the same function
3. Organ - Answer-A structure in the body that is composed of different types of tissues
4. adaptation - Answer-A behaviour of physical characteristic that allows an organism to
survive or reproduce in its environment
Sexual reproduction - Answer-a reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their
genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents
fertilization - Answer-the joining of a sperm and an egg
asexual reproduction - Answer-A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces
offspring that are identical to the parent
phylum - Answer-one of the major groups into which biologists classify members of a kingdom
vertebrate - Answer-an animal that has a backbone
invertebrate - Answer-an animal that does not have a backbone
larva - Answer-the immature form of an animal that looks very different from the adult
cnidarian - Answer-an invertebrate animal that uses stinging cells to capture food and defend itself
,2026 graded A+
polyp - Answer-the cnidarian body plan is characterized by a vaselike shape and that usually adapted
for a life attached to an underwater surface
medusa - Answer-The cnidarian body plan having a bowl like shape and adapted for a free-swimming
life
colony - Answer-a group of organisms living and growing together
coral reef - Answer-a diverse environment named for the coral animals that make up its stony
structure
parasite - Answer-the organism that benefits by living on or in a host in a parasitism interaction
host - Answer-the organism that a parasite or virus lives in or on
organism - Answer-a living thing
scavenger - Answer-a carnivore that feeds on the bodies of dead organisms
anus - Answer-the muscular opening at the end of the rectum through which waste material is
eliminated from the body
closed circulatory system - Answer-a circulatory system in which blood moves only within a
connected network of tubes called blood vessels
bilateral symmetry - Answer-body plan with two halves that are mirror images
,2026 graded A+
radial symmetry - Answer-the quality of having many lines of symmetry that all pass through the
same point
Refraction-ANSWER-the bending of a wave as it enters a new medium at an angle other than 90
degrees
medium-ANSWER-Material through which a wave travels
diagram of refraction-ANSWER-
speed of light in a medium formula-ANSWER-n = c/v (index of refraction of material = speed of light
in vacuum / speed of light in medium)
If light moves into a dense medium-ANSWER-Refracted ray bends towards the normal
If light moves into a less dense medium-ANSWER-Refracted ray bends away from the normal
index of refraction-ANSWER-the amount by which a transparent medium decreases the speed of
light,
Index of refraction (n) can be used to determine-ANSWER-If light will speed up or slow down in a
substance
When light travels from a lower n to a higher n-ANSWER-Light will slow down
When light travels from a higher n to a lower n-ANSWER-Light will speed up
GRASS method of problem solving-ANSWER-G- given eg. M=4g V=2ml
R= required eg. D=?
A= analysis eg. D=M/V
, 2026 graded A+
S= solve eg. D=4/2 = 2
S= statement eg. therefore the density of .... was 2g/ml
total internal reflection-ANSWER-the complete reflection that takes place within a substance when
the angle of incidence of light striking the surface boundary is greater than the critical angle
critical angle-ANSWER-the minimum angle of incidence for which a light ray is totally reflected
within a medium,
Dispersion-ANSWER-the process of separating colours by refraction (white light (ROYGBIV) refracts
TWICE, when it enters and leaves the prism, when light leaves, separated into spectrum of colours)
rainbow-ANSWER-An arc of colours of the visible spectrum appearing opposite the Sun, caused by
reflection, and the dispersion of the Suns rays as they pass through raindrops. After a rainstorm, sky
is filled with tiny water droplets and the sunlight REFLECTS off of these water droplets. All of these
factors can be explained by reflection, refraction, and dispersion of light in raindrops.
Sundogs-ANSWER-Bright spots on both sides of the sun, also called "mock suns" or parhelia. Occur
when ice crystals in atmosphere REFRACT sunlight.
apparent depth-ANSWER-an optical effect in which the image of an object appears closer than the
object, image is formed by refraction of light
shimmering-ANSWER-The apparent movement of objects in hot air over objects and surfaces.
Caused by refraction of light in unevenly heated air
mirages-ANSWER-an optical effect caused by the bending of light rays passing through layers of air
that have extremely different temperatures. When sunlight reaches the hot air near the ground, the
sunlight is refracted upwards.
lens-ANSWER-Transparent object with at least one curved side that causes light to refract
1|Page
1. Cell - Answer-The basic unit of structure and function of living things
2. Tissue - Answer-A group of similar cells that perform the same function
3. Organ - Answer-A structure in the body that is composed of different types of tissues
4. adaptation - Answer-A behaviour of physical characteristic that allows an organism to
survive or reproduce in its environment
Sexual reproduction - Answer-a reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their
genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents
fertilization - Answer-the joining of a sperm and an egg
asexual reproduction - Answer-A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces
offspring that are identical to the parent
phylum - Answer-one of the major groups into which biologists classify members of a kingdom
vertebrate - Answer-an animal that has a backbone
invertebrate - Answer-an animal that does not have a backbone
larva - Answer-the immature form of an animal that looks very different from the adult
cnidarian - Answer-an invertebrate animal that uses stinging cells to capture food and defend itself
,2026 graded A+
polyp - Answer-the cnidarian body plan is characterized by a vaselike shape and that usually adapted
for a life attached to an underwater surface
medusa - Answer-The cnidarian body plan having a bowl like shape and adapted for a free-swimming
life
colony - Answer-a group of organisms living and growing together
coral reef - Answer-a diverse environment named for the coral animals that make up its stony
structure
parasite - Answer-the organism that benefits by living on or in a host in a parasitism interaction
host - Answer-the organism that a parasite or virus lives in or on
organism - Answer-a living thing
scavenger - Answer-a carnivore that feeds on the bodies of dead organisms
anus - Answer-the muscular opening at the end of the rectum through which waste material is
eliminated from the body
closed circulatory system - Answer-a circulatory system in which blood moves only within a
connected network of tubes called blood vessels
bilateral symmetry - Answer-body plan with two halves that are mirror images
,2026 graded A+
radial symmetry - Answer-the quality of having many lines of symmetry that all pass through the
same point
Refraction-ANSWER-the bending of a wave as it enters a new medium at an angle other than 90
degrees
medium-ANSWER-Material through which a wave travels
diagram of refraction-ANSWER-
speed of light in a medium formula-ANSWER-n = c/v (index of refraction of material = speed of light
in vacuum / speed of light in medium)
If light moves into a dense medium-ANSWER-Refracted ray bends towards the normal
If light moves into a less dense medium-ANSWER-Refracted ray bends away from the normal
index of refraction-ANSWER-the amount by which a transparent medium decreases the speed of
light,
Index of refraction (n) can be used to determine-ANSWER-If light will speed up or slow down in a
substance
When light travels from a lower n to a higher n-ANSWER-Light will slow down
When light travels from a higher n to a lower n-ANSWER-Light will speed up
GRASS method of problem solving-ANSWER-G- given eg. M=4g V=2ml
R= required eg. D=?
A= analysis eg. D=M/V
, 2026 graded A+
S= solve eg. D=4/2 = 2
S= statement eg. therefore the density of .... was 2g/ml
total internal reflection-ANSWER-the complete reflection that takes place within a substance when
the angle of incidence of light striking the surface boundary is greater than the critical angle
critical angle-ANSWER-the minimum angle of incidence for which a light ray is totally reflected
within a medium,
Dispersion-ANSWER-the process of separating colours by refraction (white light (ROYGBIV) refracts
TWICE, when it enters and leaves the prism, when light leaves, separated into spectrum of colours)
rainbow-ANSWER-An arc of colours of the visible spectrum appearing opposite the Sun, caused by
reflection, and the dispersion of the Suns rays as they pass through raindrops. After a rainstorm, sky
is filled with tiny water droplets and the sunlight REFLECTS off of these water droplets. All of these
factors can be explained by reflection, refraction, and dispersion of light in raindrops.
Sundogs-ANSWER-Bright spots on both sides of the sun, also called "mock suns" or parhelia. Occur
when ice crystals in atmosphere REFRACT sunlight.
apparent depth-ANSWER-an optical effect in which the image of an object appears closer than the
object, image is formed by refraction of light
shimmering-ANSWER-The apparent movement of objects in hot air over objects and surfaces.
Caused by refraction of light in unevenly heated air
mirages-ANSWER-an optical effect caused by the bending of light rays passing through layers of air
that have extremely different temperatures. When sunlight reaches the hot air near the ground, the
sunlight is refracted upwards.
lens-ANSWER-Transparent object with at least one curved side that causes light to refract
