All 28 Chapters Covered
r r r
SOLUTION MANUAL
r
,Contents
Chapterr0r
ChapterrIr 3
Chapterr 2
38
53
Chapterr 7
Chapterr 9 82
Chapterr 10 97
Chapterr 11 126
Chapterr 12 Advancedr Topicsr inr Equilibrium 142
Chapterr 13 175
Chapterr 14 189
Chapterr 15 202
Chapterr 16 Electroanalyticalr Techniques
Chapterr 17
238
Chapterr 19 251
260
Chapterr 21
Chapterr 22 GasrChromatography 284
Chapterr 23 298
311
Chapterr 25 327
345
360
, CHAPTERr0
THErANALYTICALrPROCESS
0-1.
Qualitativeranalysisrfindsroutrwhatrisrinrarsample.r Quantitativeranalysisrmeasur
esrhowrmuchrisrinrarsample.
0-2. Stepsrinrarchemicalr analysis:
(1) Formulatertherquestion:r Convertrargeneralrquestionrintorarspecificronerthatrcan
r beransweredrbyrarchemicalrmeasurement.
(2) Selectrtherappropriateranalyticalrprocedure.
(3) Obtainrarrepresentativersample.
(4) Samplerpreparation:rConvertrtherrepresentativersamplerintorarsamplersuitablerfo
rranalysis.r Ifrnecessary,rconcentratertheranalyterandrremoverorrmaskrinterferingr
species.
(5) Analysis:r Measurertherunknownr concentrationr inr replicateranalyses.
(6) Producerarclearrreportrofrresults,r includingrestimatesrofruncertainty.
(7) Drawrconclusions:r Basedronrtheranalyticalrresults,rdeciderwhatractionsrtortak
e.
0-3. Maskingrconvertsranr interferingrspeciesr torarnoninterferingrspecies.
0-4.
Arcalibrationrcurvershowsrtherresponserofranranalyticalr methodrasrarfunctionro
frtherknownrconcentrationrofranalyterinrstandardrsolutions.r Oncerthercalibrationrcu
rverisrknown,rthenrtherconcentrationrofranrunknownrcanrberdeducedrfromrarmeasur
edrresponse.
0-5.
(a)r Arhomogeneousrmaterialrhasrthersamercompositionreverywhere.r In
arheterogeneousrmaterial,rthercompositionrisrnotrthersamereverywhere.
r
(b)r Inrarsegregatedrheterogeneousrmaterial,rthercompositionrvariesronrarlargerscale.r T
herercouldrberlargerparchesrwithronercompositionrandrlargerpatchesrwithranotherr
composition.r Therdifferencesrarersegregatedrintordifferentrregions.r Inrarrandomr
heterogeneousrmaterial,rtherdifferencesroccurronrarfinerscale.r lfrwercollectrar"reas
onable-
size"rportion,rwerwillrcapturereachrofrtherdifferentrcompositionsrthatrarerpresent.
(e)r Torsamplerarsegregatedheterogeneousrmaterial,rwertakerrepresentativeramount
srfromreachrofrtherobviouslyrdifferentrregions.r InrpanelrbrinrBoxr0-
I,r66%rofrtherarearhasrcompositionrA,r 14%risrB,randr20%risrC.r Torconstructra
, 2 Chapterr0
representativerbulkrsample,r wercouldrtaker66rrandomlyrselectedrsamplesrfromr
regionrA,r14rfromrregionrB,randr20rfromrregionrC.r Torsamplerarrandomrhetero
geneousrmaterial,rwerdividerthermaterialrintorimaginaryrsegmentsrandrcollectrr
andomrsegmentsr withrtherhelprofrartablerofrrandomrnumbers.
0-6. Werarerapparentlyrobservingrinterferencerbyr Mn?rinr ther Iranalysisrbyrmethod
A.r TherresultrofrtherIranalysisrisraffectedrbyrtherpresencerofrMn2.r Thergreaterrtherc
oncentrationrofrMn?rinrthermineralrwater,rthergreaterrisrtherapparentrconcentratio
nrofrIrfoundrbyrmethodrA.r MethodrBr isrnotrsubjectrtorthersamerinterference,rsorther
concentrationrofrIrisrlowrandrindependentrofradditionrofrMn2t.r Therermustrbersom
erMn?'rinrtheroriginalrmineralrwater,rwhichrcausesrmethodrArtorgiverarhigherrresul
trthanrmethodrBrevenrwhenrnorMn?'risrdeliberatelyradded.
r r r
SOLUTION MANUAL
r
,Contents
Chapterr0r
ChapterrIr 3
Chapterr 2
38
53
Chapterr 7
Chapterr 9 82
Chapterr 10 97
Chapterr 11 126
Chapterr 12 Advancedr Topicsr inr Equilibrium 142
Chapterr 13 175
Chapterr 14 189
Chapterr 15 202
Chapterr 16 Electroanalyticalr Techniques
Chapterr 17
238
Chapterr 19 251
260
Chapterr 21
Chapterr 22 GasrChromatography 284
Chapterr 23 298
311
Chapterr 25 327
345
360
, CHAPTERr0
THErANALYTICALrPROCESS
0-1.
Qualitativeranalysisrfindsroutrwhatrisrinrarsample.r Quantitativeranalysisrmeasur
esrhowrmuchrisrinrarsample.
0-2. Stepsrinrarchemicalr analysis:
(1) Formulatertherquestion:r Convertrargeneralrquestionrintorarspecificronerthatrcan
r beransweredrbyrarchemicalrmeasurement.
(2) Selectrtherappropriateranalyticalrprocedure.
(3) Obtainrarrepresentativersample.
(4) Samplerpreparation:rConvertrtherrepresentativersamplerintorarsamplersuitablerfo
rranalysis.r Ifrnecessary,rconcentratertheranalyterandrremoverorrmaskrinterferingr
species.
(5) Analysis:r Measurertherunknownr concentrationr inr replicateranalyses.
(6) Producerarclearrreportrofrresults,r includingrestimatesrofruncertainty.
(7) Drawrconclusions:r Basedronrtheranalyticalrresults,rdeciderwhatractionsrtortak
e.
0-3. Maskingrconvertsranr interferingrspeciesr torarnoninterferingrspecies.
0-4.
Arcalibrationrcurvershowsrtherresponserofranranalyticalr methodrasrarfunctionro
frtherknownrconcentrationrofranalyterinrstandardrsolutions.r Oncerthercalibrationrcu
rverisrknown,rthenrtherconcentrationrofranrunknownrcanrberdeducedrfromrarmeasur
edrresponse.
0-5.
(a)r Arhomogeneousrmaterialrhasrthersamercompositionreverywhere.r In
arheterogeneousrmaterial,rthercompositionrisrnotrthersamereverywhere.
r
(b)r Inrarsegregatedrheterogeneousrmaterial,rthercompositionrvariesronrarlargerscale.r T
herercouldrberlargerparchesrwithronercompositionrandrlargerpatchesrwithranotherr
composition.r Therdifferencesrarersegregatedrintordifferentrregions.r Inrarrandomr
heterogeneousrmaterial,rtherdifferencesroccurronrarfinerscale.r lfrwercollectrar"reas
onable-
size"rportion,rwerwillrcapturereachrofrtherdifferentrcompositionsrthatrarerpresent.
(e)r Torsamplerarsegregatedheterogeneousrmaterial,rwertakerrepresentativeramount
srfromreachrofrtherobviouslyrdifferentrregions.r InrpanelrbrinrBoxr0-
I,r66%rofrtherarearhasrcompositionrA,r 14%risrB,randr20%risrC.r Torconstructra
, 2 Chapterr0
representativerbulkrsample,r wercouldrtaker66rrandomlyrselectedrsamplesrfromr
regionrA,r14rfromrregionrB,randr20rfromrregionrC.r Torsamplerarrandomrhetero
geneousrmaterial,rwerdividerthermaterialrintorimaginaryrsegmentsrandrcollectrr
andomrsegmentsr withrtherhelprofrartablerofrrandomrnumbers.
0-6. Werarerapparentlyrobservingrinterferencerbyr Mn?rinr ther Iranalysisrbyrmethod
A.r TherresultrofrtherIranalysisrisraffectedrbyrtherpresencerofrMn2.r Thergreaterrtherc
oncentrationrofrMn?rinrthermineralrwater,rthergreaterrisrtherapparentrconcentratio
nrofrIrfoundrbyrmethodrA.r MethodrBr isrnotrsubjectrtorthersamerinterference,rsorther
concentrationrofrIrisrlowrandrindependentrofradditionrofrMn2t.r Therermustrbersom
erMn?'rinrtheroriginalrmineralrwater,rwhichrcausesrmethodrArtorgiverarhigherrresul
trthanrmethodrBrevenrwhenrnorMn?'risrdeliberatelyradded.
