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Samenvatting + notities + teksten Juvenile Justice and Youth Criminology | KU Leuven | 2025/26

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Samenvatting/notities van alle lessen, met aanvullingen uit de teksten die bij de lessen horen. Jaar: Professor Parmentier Engelstalig vak van de master criminologie met Nederlandse notities

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JUVENILE JUSTICE AND YOUTH CRIMINOLOGY

Inhoud
Introduction........................................................................................................................ 3
Young minds, old legal problems........................................................................................3
Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility..........................................................................4
Conclusion.................................................................................................................... 7
Arthur (2016) on criminal responsibility and evolving capacities.....................................8
Conclusion.................................................................................................................... 9
Potential and Pitfalls of Risk Factor Research...................................................................10
Developmental and life-course criminology...................................................................10
Fits trend towards ‘evidence based’ youth justice......................................................10
Risk factor research: a critical analysis..........................................................................14
Conclusion on risk factor research..............................................................................17
Criminalizing youth in public spaces.................................................................................17
Strafbaarstelling van gezelligheid door ASB wetgeving.................................................17
Inleiding...................................................................................................................... 17
De gebruikelijke verdachten: straatleven, jongeren en de politie..................................20
De normalisering van gedrag......................................................................................... 20
Focus op drie specifieke gevallen/categorieën...........................................................21
Short excursus on post-pandemic police-youth relations...............................................23
Algemene conclusie....................................................................................................... 24
Diversion and desistance from crime................................................................................25
Desistance from crime in the transition to adulthood....................................................25
Inleidend..................................................................................................................... 25
Desistance.................................................................................................................. 26
The case of diversion and minimum necessary intervention.........................................27
Beleidskader............................................................................................................... 29
Het verband tussen interventies van het jeugdrecht en delinquent gedrag...............31
Punishing the youth.......................................................................................................... 32
Proportionele straffen voor jongeren.............................................................................32
Inleiding...................................................................................................................... 32
Proportionate sentences for juveniles How different than for adults?............................32
Principe en kritiek op het straffen van jongeren............................................................35
Straffen staat centraal, ook in jeugdrecht...................................................................35
Recognise nuanced character of juveniles’ development...........................................35
Relation between punishment, retribution and restoration.........................................36
Both looking back and future directed........................................................................37

1

, Three ‘R’s central to punishment................................................................................38
Punishing juveniles..................................................................................................... 38
Restorative Justice meets Good Lives Model.....................................................................39
Youth justice in Flanders: a responsibility model...........................................................39
Verantwoordelijkheid van de jonge pleger..................................................................41
Responsibility and restorative justice............................................................................41
Restorative justice meets GLM......................................................................................42
Child-friendly justice......................................................................................................... 46
Child-friendly justice: past, present and future..............................................................46
Children first, offender second.......................................................................................48
Ontkoppeling jeugdrecht............................................................................................ 49
Positive youth justice: a new model............................................................................50
Debate: ‘last resort’ principle?.......................................................................................51
The Fear Factory............................................................................................................... 52
Introduction based on Bryan Stevenson’s speech at Stockholm Criminology Prize Event
...................................................................................................................................... 52
Introduction: Community reactions to juvenile delinquency..........................................52
Young minds, old legal problems...................................................................................52
Potential and pitfalls of risk factor research...................................................................53
Criminalizing youth in public space...............................................................................53
Diversion and desistance from crime.............................................................................53
Punishing the Young and Restorative justice meets GLM...............................................53
Child friendly justice...................................................................................................... 53




2

,INTRODUCTION
Just Mercy: a story of justice and redemption, boek van Bryan Stevenson
 Equal justice initiative: NGO which focuses on justice and discrimination in the US
 strives towards more equality within the justice system in the US

Juvenile life without parole (JLWP)  only possible in the USA
 Did not ratify the UN convention on the rights of the children
 The UN convention stated/prohibited that children can’t go to jail for life without
parole
 USA: stands alone life without parole senctences for crimes committed before 18
o 27 states and DC banned the JLWP
o But there are still states who do it and 1465 people are serving JLWP

Four important decisions on JLWP in Supreme Court Decisions
1. Roper v. Simmons (2005)

Jongeren kunnen geen doodstraf krijgen
 Doodstraf = disproportioneel, wreed en ongebruikelijke straf voor jongeren
 Nation’s evolving standards of decency
 Heeft 72 jongeren beinvloed die de doodstraf hadden gekregen, maar nog niet
dood waren

2. Graham v. Florida (2010)

Levenslange straffen zonder voorwaardelijke vrijlating voor jongeren afgeschaft voor alle
misdrijven, behalve moord
 Moet proportioneel zijn aan de 8e amendement
 Geeft een ‘meaningful opportunity for release’

3. Miller v. Alabama (2012)

Mandatory JLWP sentences violate the 8th Amendment

4. Montgomery v. Louisiana (2016)

Miller moet retroactief worden toegepast

Importance of the Sentencing Project and Equal Justice Initiative




YOUNG MINDS, OLD LEGAL PROBLEMS

3

,About last week…
 Bryan Stevenson: "He's just a little boy“
 Supreme Court cases
o Death penalty for -18y
o Mandatory life sentences for -18y
o Life without opportunity for parole for -18y

 But what about the ‘Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility’
o (Fully) responsible for the act of crime?
o Criminal proceedings in adult criminal court?
o What about a youth justice system?
MINIMUM AGE OF CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY
Lekendefinitie: minimum leeftijd waarop een kind verantwoordelijk kan worden gehouden
voor een strafbaar feit

BE: is the country with the highest age of MACR in Europe, young people die een delict
plegen kunnen niet verantwoordelijk worden gehouden strafrechtelijk gezien
 Uithandengeving van 16-18 jaar is een uitzondering op deze regel en zijn dit wel
verantwoordelijk
 Sinds 2019 is Vlaanderen verantwoordelijk voor de regeling in jeudgrecht




Illustrations of MACR debates: the case of Scotland




4

,MACR: General principles
 wide consensus on a MACR
o UN Convention of the Rights of the Child (1989)
 Artikel 40  Er moet een MACR zijn, er staat wel niet welke leeftijd
dat exact moet zijn





 UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile
Justice, or the Beijing Rules for Juvenile Justice (1985)










 consensus on ‘children below a certain age are too young to held responsible for
breaking the law’
o Er kwam echter ook commentaar op de MACR en dan voornamelijk bij de
Bejing Rules.




5

, o Zo stelde men dat de minimumleeftijd voor strafrechtelijke
verantwoordelijkheid sterk verschilt ten gevolge van de geschiedenis en de
cultuur.
 ‘below a certain age’?
o Indien de leeftijd voor strafrechtelijke verantwoordelijkheid te laag wordt
vastgesteld of indien er in het geheel geen lagere leeftijdsgrens is, zou het
begrip verantwoordelijkheid zinloos worden.
o We kunnen dus stellen dat men het eens is over het feit dat kinderen onder
een bepaalde leeftijd te jong zijn om verantwoordelijk te zijn voor het
overtreden van de wet .
o Maar wat wordt bedoeld met “onder een bepaalde leeftijd”?
o Het gebrek aan consensus veranderde met de komst van de General
Comment No.10 (2007) die afkomstig is van het VN-Comité inzake de
rechten van het kind.
o Hiermee werden definities vastgesteld en werd beslist dat de MACR niet
lager mocht zijn dan 12 jaar.

 UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC), General Comment No. 10 (2007)
o definitions
o establish the MACR ‘at least at 12’





 UN CRC General Comment No. 24 (2019), replacing CRC GC No. 10
o 12 years ‘is still too low’: ‘at least 14’
o upper age limit at 18 (age of criminal majority, ACM)











 In practice…
o continuing debate in several countries
 In de praktijk is er echter een voortdurende discussie in
verschillende landen.
 Het is namelijk niet gemakkelijk om de MACR te veranderen, je
moet niet alleen het volk maar ook de politiek overtuigen.


6

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