Evolution Exam 1 – Study Guide & Revision Notes
Chapter 1: What is the point of this chapter? - correct answer ✔✔-includes updated statistics
on the status of the HIV pandemic
-newer thinking on how HIV causes AIDS
-new data on the origin of HIV
-new ideas and evidence on why HIV is lethal
What is the main objective in chapter 1? - correct answer ✔✔to show that evolution matters
outside of labs and classrooms
Why does HIV make a compelling case study? - correct answer ✔✔-it illustrates public health
issues likely to influence the life of every reader
-it is an emerging pathogen
-HIV will demonstrate how evolutionary biologists study adaptation and diversity
How does HIV spread? - correct answer ✔✔-a new HIV infection starts when a bodily fluid
carries the virus from an infected person directly onto a mucous membrane or into the
bloodstream of an uninfected person
-an HIV infection can only be contracted by someone else who already has it
HIV travels via... - correct answer ✔✔-semen, vaginal and rectal secretions, blood, and breast
milk
-HIV can move during heterosexual or homosexual sex, oral sex, needle sharing, transfusion
with contaminated blood products, other unsafe medical procedures, childbirth, and
breastfeeding
,How can HIV be slowed? - correct answer ✔✔1. use of antiviral drugs lower reduce the rate of
HIV transmission (mothers are less likely to pass to their infant by 40 percent)
2. Circumcision (reduces the risk for men by half)
3. Vaginal gels are comparably beneficial for woman
4. The value of encouraging people to change their behavior is less clear. Behavioral change
undoubtedly has the potential to curtail transmission. (no statistical distinguishment)
What is HIV? - correct answer ✔✔-HIV is an intracellular parasite incapable of reproducing on
its own (virus)
-HIV invades specific types of cells in the human immune system
-hijacks the enzymatic machinery, chemical materials, and energy of the host cells to make
copies of itself, killing the host cells in the process
What are the 10 steps to the life cycle of HIV? - correct answer ✔✔1. *HIV Virion*
2. *Binding*
3. *Fusion*
4. *DNA synthesis*
5. *Splicing*
6. *Transcription*
7. *Translation*
8. *New Virion Assembly*
9. *Budding*
10. *Maturation*
What are the 10 steps to the life cycle of HIV?
1. *HIV Virion* - correct answer ✔✔virion encounters a host cell (helper T cell)
, What are the 10 steps to the life cycle of HIV?
2. *Binding* - correct answer ✔✔HIV's *pg120* surface protein binds first to *CD4*, then to a
co-receptor (CCR5 or CXCR4) on the surface of the host cell
What are the 10 steps to the life cycle of HIV?
3. *Fusion* - correct answer ✔✔The virion fuses with the host cell; HIV's RNA genome and
enzymes enter the host cell's cytoplasm
What are the 10 steps to the life cycle of HIV?
4. *DNA synthesis* - correct answer ✔✔HIV's reverse transcriptase enzyme synthesizes HIV
DNA from HIV's RNA template.
What are the 10 steps to the life cycle of HIV?
5. *Splicing* - correct answer ✔✔HIV's integrase enzyme splices HIV's DNA genome into the
host cell's genome
What are the 10 steps to the life cycle of HIV?
6. *Transcription* - correct answer ✔✔HIV's DNA genome is transcribed into HIV mRNA by the
host cell's RNA polymerase
What are the 10 steps to the life cycle of HIV?
7. *Translation* - correct answer ✔✔HIV's mRNA is translated into HIV precursor proteins by
host cell's ribosomes
What are the 10 steps to the life cycle of HIV?
8. *New Virion Assembly* - correct answer ✔✔a new generation of virions assembles at the
membrane of the host cell
Chapter 1: What is the point of this chapter? - correct answer ✔✔-includes updated statistics
on the status of the HIV pandemic
-newer thinking on how HIV causes AIDS
-new data on the origin of HIV
-new ideas and evidence on why HIV is lethal
What is the main objective in chapter 1? - correct answer ✔✔to show that evolution matters
outside of labs and classrooms
Why does HIV make a compelling case study? - correct answer ✔✔-it illustrates public health
issues likely to influence the life of every reader
-it is an emerging pathogen
-HIV will demonstrate how evolutionary biologists study adaptation and diversity
How does HIV spread? - correct answer ✔✔-a new HIV infection starts when a bodily fluid
carries the virus from an infected person directly onto a mucous membrane or into the
bloodstream of an uninfected person
-an HIV infection can only be contracted by someone else who already has it
HIV travels via... - correct answer ✔✔-semen, vaginal and rectal secretions, blood, and breast
milk
-HIV can move during heterosexual or homosexual sex, oral sex, needle sharing, transfusion
with contaminated blood products, other unsafe medical procedures, childbirth, and
breastfeeding
,How can HIV be slowed? - correct answer ✔✔1. use of antiviral drugs lower reduce the rate of
HIV transmission (mothers are less likely to pass to their infant by 40 percent)
2. Circumcision (reduces the risk for men by half)
3. Vaginal gels are comparably beneficial for woman
4. The value of encouraging people to change their behavior is less clear. Behavioral change
undoubtedly has the potential to curtail transmission. (no statistical distinguishment)
What is HIV? - correct answer ✔✔-HIV is an intracellular parasite incapable of reproducing on
its own (virus)
-HIV invades specific types of cells in the human immune system
-hijacks the enzymatic machinery, chemical materials, and energy of the host cells to make
copies of itself, killing the host cells in the process
What are the 10 steps to the life cycle of HIV? - correct answer ✔✔1. *HIV Virion*
2. *Binding*
3. *Fusion*
4. *DNA synthesis*
5. *Splicing*
6. *Transcription*
7. *Translation*
8. *New Virion Assembly*
9. *Budding*
10. *Maturation*
What are the 10 steps to the life cycle of HIV?
1. *HIV Virion* - correct answer ✔✔virion encounters a host cell (helper T cell)
, What are the 10 steps to the life cycle of HIV?
2. *Binding* - correct answer ✔✔HIV's *pg120* surface protein binds first to *CD4*, then to a
co-receptor (CCR5 or CXCR4) on the surface of the host cell
What are the 10 steps to the life cycle of HIV?
3. *Fusion* - correct answer ✔✔The virion fuses with the host cell; HIV's RNA genome and
enzymes enter the host cell's cytoplasm
What are the 10 steps to the life cycle of HIV?
4. *DNA synthesis* - correct answer ✔✔HIV's reverse transcriptase enzyme synthesizes HIV
DNA from HIV's RNA template.
What are the 10 steps to the life cycle of HIV?
5. *Splicing* - correct answer ✔✔HIV's integrase enzyme splices HIV's DNA genome into the
host cell's genome
What are the 10 steps to the life cycle of HIV?
6. *Transcription* - correct answer ✔✔HIV's DNA genome is transcribed into HIV mRNA by the
host cell's RNA polymerase
What are the 10 steps to the life cycle of HIV?
7. *Translation* - correct answer ✔✔HIV's mRNA is translated into HIV precursor proteins by
host cell's ribosomes
What are the 10 steps to the life cycle of HIV?
8. *New Virion Assembly* - correct answer ✔✔a new generation of virions assembles at the
membrane of the host cell
