Evolution Exam 3 – Study Guide & Revision Notes
One of Darwin's fundamental insights was that all species have descended from one or a few
common ancestors, and that species with a recent common ancestor share more features
because of what 2 things? - correct answer ✔✔1) phylogenetics
2) phylogenetic trees
The study of the branching relationships of populations (or species) as they give rise to multiple
descendant populations (or species) over evolutionary time - correct answer ✔✔phylogenetics
A visual representation, in the form of a bifurcating (splitting) tree, of the evolutionary
relationships between species, genera, families, etc - correct answer ✔✔phylogenetic tree
One of the depictions of a phylogeny came from ____________ - correct answer ✔✔Darwin
Is taxonomy phylogenetics? - correct answer ✔✔no
Who developed the taxonomy? - correct answer ✔✔Linnaeus (The Linnaean Taxonomy)
Taxonomy arranged organisms into hierarchial categories. What were they? - correct answer
✔✔1) order
2) family
3) genus
4) species
5) subspecies
What was the name of the book that Linnaeus published about taxonomy? - correct answer
✔✔Systema Naturae
,What was an issue with Linnaeus' taxonomy idea? - correct answer ✔✔he had no idea why
these similarities existed, and some classifications were wrong
What is the difference between taxonomy and phylogenetics? - correct answer ✔✔Taxonomy is
naming organisms and phylogenetics is the understanding/showing the relationship between
evolutionary groups
The study of the branching relationships of populations (or species) as they give rise to multiple
descendant populations (or species) over time - correct answer ✔✔phylogenetics
At macro-scale, phylogenetics allows us to reconstruct the _______________ which is the
historical/evolutionary relationships between all living organisms - correct answer ✔✔tree of
life
At smaller scale, phylogenetics allows us to understand relationships between __________ and
to say something about differences in the rates of evolution of different species - correct answer
✔✔taxa
An observable characteristic of an organism - correct answer ✔✔trait
In phylogenetics, the traits we often refer to are what two traits? However, they can also be
developmental (how did the organism develop) or behavioral (how and when did this trait
develop, how many times did this trait evolve, when did the primitive state evolve relative to
the advance state, etc) - correct answer ✔✔1) morphology
2) genetic sequences (most often)
What are 2 reasons traits are important? - correct answer ✔✔1) can use traits like sequence
data to build a phylogenetic tree
, 2) we can also place them on existing trees to study origins and at what point in time the trait
began changing
Sequences of traits that are more similar to one another are ____________ on the tree - correct
answer ✔✔closer
Is a phylogeny a hypothesis? - correct answer ✔✔no
What is the pedigree of Queen Victoria of England? - correct answer ✔✔Haemophilia
An ancestry of individuals that has nodes to represent individuals. Each node has ______
ancestors and can have many descendants - correct answer ✔✔pedigree; 2
An ancestry of populations that has nodes to represent populations. The populations are split
into ____________ and each node has __________ ancestor(s) and ________ descendant(s) -
correct answer ✔✔phylogeny; two (bifurcate); single ancestor and 2 descendants
Is a phylogeny a hypothesis? - correct answer ✔✔yes
A __________________ represents a hypothesis of evolutionary relationships. Nodes and
branching order similarly represent a hypothesis of evolutionary history - correct answer
✔✔phylogenetic tree
When we acquire new evidence, we test/re-test our existing hypotheses and support or refute
them to generate a new hypothesis (fact) - correct answer ✔✔
We really don't know the most recent relative of turtles. Morphological data says turtles are
more closely related to snakes, lizards, and tuartara. Other studies say they are more related to
crocodiles and birds. MicroRNA data says turtles are more related to snakes and lizards (study
done wrong). ______________ and his colleague conducted studies on mtDNA and nDNA and
One of Darwin's fundamental insights was that all species have descended from one or a few
common ancestors, and that species with a recent common ancestor share more features
because of what 2 things? - correct answer ✔✔1) phylogenetics
2) phylogenetic trees
The study of the branching relationships of populations (or species) as they give rise to multiple
descendant populations (or species) over evolutionary time - correct answer ✔✔phylogenetics
A visual representation, in the form of a bifurcating (splitting) tree, of the evolutionary
relationships between species, genera, families, etc - correct answer ✔✔phylogenetic tree
One of the depictions of a phylogeny came from ____________ - correct answer ✔✔Darwin
Is taxonomy phylogenetics? - correct answer ✔✔no
Who developed the taxonomy? - correct answer ✔✔Linnaeus (The Linnaean Taxonomy)
Taxonomy arranged organisms into hierarchial categories. What were they? - correct answer
✔✔1) order
2) family
3) genus
4) species
5) subspecies
What was the name of the book that Linnaeus published about taxonomy? - correct answer
✔✔Systema Naturae
,What was an issue with Linnaeus' taxonomy idea? - correct answer ✔✔he had no idea why
these similarities existed, and some classifications were wrong
What is the difference between taxonomy and phylogenetics? - correct answer ✔✔Taxonomy is
naming organisms and phylogenetics is the understanding/showing the relationship between
evolutionary groups
The study of the branching relationships of populations (or species) as they give rise to multiple
descendant populations (or species) over time - correct answer ✔✔phylogenetics
At macro-scale, phylogenetics allows us to reconstruct the _______________ which is the
historical/evolutionary relationships between all living organisms - correct answer ✔✔tree of
life
At smaller scale, phylogenetics allows us to understand relationships between __________ and
to say something about differences in the rates of evolution of different species - correct answer
✔✔taxa
An observable characteristic of an organism - correct answer ✔✔trait
In phylogenetics, the traits we often refer to are what two traits? However, they can also be
developmental (how did the organism develop) or behavioral (how and when did this trait
develop, how many times did this trait evolve, when did the primitive state evolve relative to
the advance state, etc) - correct answer ✔✔1) morphology
2) genetic sequences (most often)
What are 2 reasons traits are important? - correct answer ✔✔1) can use traits like sequence
data to build a phylogenetic tree
, 2) we can also place them on existing trees to study origins and at what point in time the trait
began changing
Sequences of traits that are more similar to one another are ____________ on the tree - correct
answer ✔✔closer
Is a phylogeny a hypothesis? - correct answer ✔✔no
What is the pedigree of Queen Victoria of England? - correct answer ✔✔Haemophilia
An ancestry of individuals that has nodes to represent individuals. Each node has ______
ancestors and can have many descendants - correct answer ✔✔pedigree; 2
An ancestry of populations that has nodes to represent populations. The populations are split
into ____________ and each node has __________ ancestor(s) and ________ descendant(s) -
correct answer ✔✔phylogeny; two (bifurcate); single ancestor and 2 descendants
Is a phylogeny a hypothesis? - correct answer ✔✔yes
A __________________ represents a hypothesis of evolutionary relationships. Nodes and
branching order similarly represent a hypothesis of evolutionary history - correct answer
✔✔phylogenetic tree
When we acquire new evidence, we test/re-test our existing hypotheses and support or refute
them to generate a new hypothesis (fact) - correct answer ✔✔
We really don't know the most recent relative of turtles. Morphological data says turtles are
more closely related to snakes, lizards, and tuartara. Other studies say they are more related to
crocodiles and birds. MicroRNA data says turtles are more related to snakes and lizards (study
done wrong). ______________ and his colleague conducted studies on mtDNA and nDNA and
