EXSC 387 HAGER EXAM 2 2026
FITNESS TEST PAPER QUESTIONS
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ The best predictor of heart disease risk (as described in chapter 4)
Answer: High cholesterol
◉ CVD death and prevalence
Answer: heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, heart failure,
arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, cardiomypoathy, peripheral artery disease
Age-adjusted CVD (heart and stroke) death rate per 100,000 was 256,
compared to 268 in 2005
831,272 deaths
prevalence of CVD (total cases in the population) has remained
relatively unchanged during the same time period. So the answer to the
previous question (Is mortality from CVD dwindling because prevalence
is decreasing?) is no! What is happening is that the health care system
(or, more appropriately, the disease care system) is getting better at
keeping people with CVD alive. The reduction in mortality rates is not
due to prevention of the disease, but to better treatments for people
suffering from disease.
2,278 deaths per day
This is the equivalent of 4+ Boeing 747-400 airplanes crashing every
day for a year and killing everyone on board
1 in 3 Americans have some form of CVD
64% of US adults have one or more CVD risk factors
,◉ CVD and diet, CVD and exercise/physical activity
Answer: Two of the most modifiable and important risk factors for CVD
and CHD are physical inactivity and poor diet
Diet
Abundance of high kcal dense foods
Large portion sizes
becomes easier to overconsume because of the enticing advertising and
large portion sizes served in restaurants.
dietary intakes have changed during the past twenty-plus years, but
necessary changes in energy expenditure via activity to compensate for
increased intake have not kept pace.
When it comes to the diet part of a toxic environment, Brownell suggests
that large portion sizes may play a role in the risk of chronic disease. In
one study by Rolls et al. (2002), results suggested that the more food that
was presented to the subjects, the more food was eaten.
women with moderate alcohol consumption and a low-risk diet—
including highest intake of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, fish, and
legumes compared to other women in the study—had a 55 percent lower
risk of heart attack. With the addition of three other lifestyle factors—
namely being a non-smoker, having a waist-to-hip ratio of <0.85, and
being physically active (forty minutes daily of walking and one hour of
weekly exercise)—the risk of heart attack was 92 percent lower than the
women who were not in the low-risk pattern. The attributable risk was
77 percent, meaning that 77 percent of the observed heart attacks would
have been avoided if all the women in the study were in the low-risk
profile pattern
, Western diet pattern consumption increased across quintiles, risk of
CHD also increased with a relative risk of approximately 1.6 for the fifth
quintile compared to the first quintile
changing from highest quintile for Western diet intake to highest quintile
for prudent diet intake would reduce risk about 90 percent
Diet plays a role in CHD
Fruits and vegetables, legumes, and whole gra
◉ Nurses' Health Study and CVD
Answer: evidence for decreased risk of cancer with increased physical
activity for breast and colon cancers, probable for prostate cancers,
possible for lung and endometrial cancer
weight control may play important role, link between weight and
increased cancer risk
recommended at least 30 minutes of moderate-vigorous intensity
physical activity on 5+ days a week
exercise influences multiple aspects of cancer such as cancer detection,
coping, rehab, and survival after diagnosis
◉ -Low-risk profile for men and women (diet, exercise, smoking,
alcohol, BMI)
Answer: BMI under 25, no smoking, exercise 30 min/day, 0- ½ drink
per day.
◉ Cancer and diet, cancer and exercise/physical activity
FITNESS TEST PAPER QUESTIONS
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ The best predictor of heart disease risk (as described in chapter 4)
Answer: High cholesterol
◉ CVD death and prevalence
Answer: heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, heart failure,
arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, cardiomypoathy, peripheral artery disease
Age-adjusted CVD (heart and stroke) death rate per 100,000 was 256,
compared to 268 in 2005
831,272 deaths
prevalence of CVD (total cases in the population) has remained
relatively unchanged during the same time period. So the answer to the
previous question (Is mortality from CVD dwindling because prevalence
is decreasing?) is no! What is happening is that the health care system
(or, more appropriately, the disease care system) is getting better at
keeping people with CVD alive. The reduction in mortality rates is not
due to prevention of the disease, but to better treatments for people
suffering from disease.
2,278 deaths per day
This is the equivalent of 4+ Boeing 747-400 airplanes crashing every
day for a year and killing everyone on board
1 in 3 Americans have some form of CVD
64% of US adults have one or more CVD risk factors
,◉ CVD and diet, CVD and exercise/physical activity
Answer: Two of the most modifiable and important risk factors for CVD
and CHD are physical inactivity and poor diet
Diet
Abundance of high kcal dense foods
Large portion sizes
becomes easier to overconsume because of the enticing advertising and
large portion sizes served in restaurants.
dietary intakes have changed during the past twenty-plus years, but
necessary changes in energy expenditure via activity to compensate for
increased intake have not kept pace.
When it comes to the diet part of a toxic environment, Brownell suggests
that large portion sizes may play a role in the risk of chronic disease. In
one study by Rolls et al. (2002), results suggested that the more food that
was presented to the subjects, the more food was eaten.
women with moderate alcohol consumption and a low-risk diet—
including highest intake of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, fish, and
legumes compared to other women in the study—had a 55 percent lower
risk of heart attack. With the addition of three other lifestyle factors—
namely being a non-smoker, having a waist-to-hip ratio of <0.85, and
being physically active (forty minutes daily of walking and one hour of
weekly exercise)—the risk of heart attack was 92 percent lower than the
women who were not in the low-risk pattern. The attributable risk was
77 percent, meaning that 77 percent of the observed heart attacks would
have been avoided if all the women in the study were in the low-risk
profile pattern
, Western diet pattern consumption increased across quintiles, risk of
CHD also increased with a relative risk of approximately 1.6 for the fifth
quintile compared to the first quintile
changing from highest quintile for Western diet intake to highest quintile
for prudent diet intake would reduce risk about 90 percent
Diet plays a role in CHD
Fruits and vegetables, legumes, and whole gra
◉ Nurses' Health Study and CVD
Answer: evidence for decreased risk of cancer with increased physical
activity for breast and colon cancers, probable for prostate cancers,
possible for lung and endometrial cancer
weight control may play important role, link between weight and
increased cancer risk
recommended at least 30 minutes of moderate-vigorous intensity
physical activity on 5+ days a week
exercise influences multiple aspects of cancer such as cancer detection,
coping, rehab, and survival after diagnosis
◉ -Low-risk profile for men and women (diet, exercise, smoking,
alcohol, BMI)
Answer: BMI under 25, no smoking, exercise 30 min/day, 0- ½ drink
per day.
◉ Cancer and diet, cancer and exercise/physical activity
