NUR 376 Pathophysiology Final Updated
Questions and Answers (2026/2027) |
Practice Review with Explanations | Grade
A+
• Adaptive immunity is? -✓✓-2nd line of defense against infection
-Developed with exposure to antigens and targets particular pathogens
-Includes B and T cells to fight infection and create antibodies
• Two major categories of adaptive immunity -✓✓1. B lymphocyte immunity
(humoral)
2. T lymphocyte immunity (cell-mediated)
• Passive-acquired adaptive immunity -✓✓-Individual given pre made, fully
formed antibodies against an antigen
-Provides immediate but short term immunity.
Ex: Infant acquiring antibodies in breast milk
• Active acquired adaptive immunity -✓✓Longer lasting immunity than passive-
acquired adaptive immunity but not permanent.
Ex: Vaccine
• Immunocompetence vs. Immunosuppression -✓✓Immunocompetence refers to
the individuals ability to protect oneself from infectious agents because of a strong
immune system. Immunosuppression indicates a defective immune system that
places person at higher risk for infection.
,• Define immunodeficiency -✓✓Weakened immune system
• Define primary immunodeficiency -✓✓Present @ birth, only affects one cell type
**IgA deficiency most common
• Define severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). -✓✓Negatively affects both
B and T cell development so there is increased risk for infection.
• Type 2: Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity -✓✓Most common: Transfusion of the wrong
blood
Causes immune system to attack newly transfused cells
• WBC count normally vs. infection -✓✓Normal:
4,500-11,000 cells/ml
During infection:
~15,000-20,000 cells/ml
• Pathophysiologic changes in WBCs -✓✓-leukopenia
-leukocytosis
??
• Hypervolemia -✓✓
,• Hypertonic IV Solution
what does hypertonic mean?
what are the types of hypertonic fluid? (6)
what does it treat?
what are the nursing interventions? -✓✓Hypertonic= excessive fluid extracellular
space, causing cell to shrink
Fluid Types:
1.) 3% Saline
2.) 5% Saline
3.) 5% Dextrose in 0.9% Saline
4.) 5% Dextrose in 0.45% Saline
5.) 5% Dextrose in LR
6.) 10% Dextrose in H2O
Treats:
- Hyponatremia (pulls Na+ back into intravascular system)
**remember water follows sodium**
-cerebral edema
Interventions:
-Give cautiously in ICU via central line
-Rapid absorption so body can be affected quickly
-Monitor for fluid overload, electrolyte imbalance, BP, HR
, • Hypotonic IV Solution
what does hypotonic mean?
what are the types of hypertonic fluid? (3)
Treats?
Contraindications? -✓✓Hypotonic= Decrease in extracellular concentration,
Increase in intracellular concentration.
Side Effects= cell lyses (rupture) and depletion of fluid in circulatory system
Fluid Types:
1.) 0.45% Saline (1/2 normal saline)
2.) 0.225% Saline (1/4 normal saline)
3.) 0.33% Saline (1/3 normal saline)
Treats:
- Hydrates cell
-Hyperglycemia
-Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
-Hyperosmolar (extremely high blood glucose levels)
Contraindications:
-Patients with increased cranial pressure (fluid will shift into brain tissue causing
swelling)
-Burns & Trauma (Hypovolemic)
Questions and Answers (2026/2027) |
Practice Review with Explanations | Grade
A+
• Adaptive immunity is? -✓✓-2nd line of defense against infection
-Developed with exposure to antigens and targets particular pathogens
-Includes B and T cells to fight infection and create antibodies
• Two major categories of adaptive immunity -✓✓1. B lymphocyte immunity
(humoral)
2. T lymphocyte immunity (cell-mediated)
• Passive-acquired adaptive immunity -✓✓-Individual given pre made, fully
formed antibodies against an antigen
-Provides immediate but short term immunity.
Ex: Infant acquiring antibodies in breast milk
• Active acquired adaptive immunity -✓✓Longer lasting immunity than passive-
acquired adaptive immunity but not permanent.
Ex: Vaccine
• Immunocompetence vs. Immunosuppression -✓✓Immunocompetence refers to
the individuals ability to protect oneself from infectious agents because of a strong
immune system. Immunosuppression indicates a defective immune system that
places person at higher risk for infection.
,• Define immunodeficiency -✓✓Weakened immune system
• Define primary immunodeficiency -✓✓Present @ birth, only affects one cell type
**IgA deficiency most common
• Define severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). -✓✓Negatively affects both
B and T cell development so there is increased risk for infection.
• Type 2: Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity -✓✓Most common: Transfusion of the wrong
blood
Causes immune system to attack newly transfused cells
• WBC count normally vs. infection -✓✓Normal:
4,500-11,000 cells/ml
During infection:
~15,000-20,000 cells/ml
• Pathophysiologic changes in WBCs -✓✓-leukopenia
-leukocytosis
??
• Hypervolemia -✓✓
,• Hypertonic IV Solution
what does hypertonic mean?
what are the types of hypertonic fluid? (6)
what does it treat?
what are the nursing interventions? -✓✓Hypertonic= excessive fluid extracellular
space, causing cell to shrink
Fluid Types:
1.) 3% Saline
2.) 5% Saline
3.) 5% Dextrose in 0.9% Saline
4.) 5% Dextrose in 0.45% Saline
5.) 5% Dextrose in LR
6.) 10% Dextrose in H2O
Treats:
- Hyponatremia (pulls Na+ back into intravascular system)
**remember water follows sodium**
-cerebral edema
Interventions:
-Give cautiously in ICU via central line
-Rapid absorption so body can be affected quickly
-Monitor for fluid overload, electrolyte imbalance, BP, HR
, • Hypotonic IV Solution
what does hypotonic mean?
what are the types of hypertonic fluid? (3)
Treats?
Contraindications? -✓✓Hypotonic= Decrease in extracellular concentration,
Increase in intracellular concentration.
Side Effects= cell lyses (rupture) and depletion of fluid in circulatory system
Fluid Types:
1.) 0.45% Saline (1/2 normal saline)
2.) 0.225% Saline (1/4 normal saline)
3.) 0.33% Saline (1/3 normal saline)
Treats:
- Hydrates cell
-Hyperglycemia
-Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
-Hyperosmolar (extremely high blood glucose levels)
Contraindications:
-Patients with increased cranial pressure (fluid will shift into brain tissue causing
swelling)
-Burns & Trauma (Hypovolemic)
