NUSCTX10 Midterm 1 Exam Questions and Answers With Verified Solutions
2025
nutrition - ✔✔the process of obtaining and the assimilation of food necessary for the health,
maintenance, growth and reproduction of the organism
nutritional sciences - ✔✔social <-> biological <-> physical (these sciences applied to understanding the
processes of nutrition are called nutritional sciences)
most of the weight of the body is due to ____ - ✔✔water, fat, and protein
nutrients help to ____ - ✔✔form and maintain the shape and structure of the body
proteins form ____ that help to ____ - ✔✔(1) ligaments and tendons
(2) hold bones together and attach muscles to bones
a healthy diet is ___ - ✔✔one that provides the right amount of energy to keep weight in the desirable
range; the proper types and balance of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; plenty of water; and sufficient
but not excessive amounts of essential vitamins and minerals
essential nutrients - ✔✔- has a specific biological function
- removing it from the diet leads to a decline in human biological function
- returning the omitted substance to the diet before permamnet damage occurs restores to normal
those aspects of human biolgiical function that occured during its absence
3 categories of nutrients... - ✔✔(1) those that primarily provide energy - typically expressed in kcal
(2) those that are important for growth and development - and later maintenance
(3) those that keep body functions running smoothly.
*obviously there exists some overlap among these groupings. (1) and water make up a major portion of
most foods.
,composition of the human body - ✔✔62% water, 16% protein, 16% fat, 6% minerals, carbohydrates, and
other
carbohydrates - ✔✔the body's main source of energy and the main part of total daily intake
simple carbohydrates - ✔✔sugar, honey...
complex carbohydrates - ✔✔carbs that are more nutritious and have fewer calroies per gram compared
to fat, ex: grains, beans, pease, potatoes...
fiber - ✔✔the material that gives plants texture and support / not very many calories / not usually
broken down by the body for energy
insoluble fiber - ✔✔does not dissolve in water because it contains high amounts of cellulose (bran of
rains, pulp of fruit, skin of vegetables...)(ex. cellulose, hemicellulose), part of cell wall, contributes bulk
to stool
soluble fiber - ✔✔dissolves in water (apples, oatmeal, oat bran, rye flour, dried beans...)(ex. gums,
pectin)
fat - ✔✔supplies energy and transports nutrients (essentials are omega-3 and omega-6)
protein - ✔✔supplies amino acids to build and maintain healthy body tissue. necessary for all aspects of
metabolism and growth
vitamins - ✔✔organic substances present in food and required by the body in small amounts for
regulation of metabolism and maintenance of normal growth and functioning
water soluble vitamins - ✔✔B and C
, fat soluble vitamins - ✔✔A, D, E, K
minerals - ✔✔important component in muscles, tissues, and bones / also essential for hormones,
oxygen transport, and enzyme systems.
major minerals - ✔✔minerals the body needs in large amounts
ex/ calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, sodium, potassium, sulfur, chloride
trace minerals - ✔✔minerals the body only needs in small amounts
ex/ iron, zinc, iodine, copper, manganese
nutrient density - ✔✔a measure of the nutrient a food provides compared to its energy content
water purpose in the body - ✔✔helps to regulate body temperature, transports nutrients and minerals
to cells, rids the body of waste materials, essential to all life processes
mitochondria are good for what 3 things - ✔✔(1) ATP
(2) oxygen utilization
(3) carbon dioxide formation
where does the citric acid cycle occur - ✔✔inside the mitochondrion
ATP -> ? - ✔✔Adenosine TRIphosphate
--------> Adenosine DIphosphate
\---p-->
enzyme - ✔✔biological catalysts that lower the activation energy for a reaction - therefore making that
reaction happen more frequently
enzyme reaction - ✔✔lock and key model
2025
nutrition - ✔✔the process of obtaining and the assimilation of food necessary for the health,
maintenance, growth and reproduction of the organism
nutritional sciences - ✔✔social <-> biological <-> physical (these sciences applied to understanding the
processes of nutrition are called nutritional sciences)
most of the weight of the body is due to ____ - ✔✔water, fat, and protein
nutrients help to ____ - ✔✔form and maintain the shape and structure of the body
proteins form ____ that help to ____ - ✔✔(1) ligaments and tendons
(2) hold bones together and attach muscles to bones
a healthy diet is ___ - ✔✔one that provides the right amount of energy to keep weight in the desirable
range; the proper types and balance of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; plenty of water; and sufficient
but not excessive amounts of essential vitamins and minerals
essential nutrients - ✔✔- has a specific biological function
- removing it from the diet leads to a decline in human biological function
- returning the omitted substance to the diet before permamnet damage occurs restores to normal
those aspects of human biolgiical function that occured during its absence
3 categories of nutrients... - ✔✔(1) those that primarily provide energy - typically expressed in kcal
(2) those that are important for growth and development - and later maintenance
(3) those that keep body functions running smoothly.
*obviously there exists some overlap among these groupings. (1) and water make up a major portion of
most foods.
,composition of the human body - ✔✔62% water, 16% protein, 16% fat, 6% minerals, carbohydrates, and
other
carbohydrates - ✔✔the body's main source of energy and the main part of total daily intake
simple carbohydrates - ✔✔sugar, honey...
complex carbohydrates - ✔✔carbs that are more nutritious and have fewer calroies per gram compared
to fat, ex: grains, beans, pease, potatoes...
fiber - ✔✔the material that gives plants texture and support / not very many calories / not usually
broken down by the body for energy
insoluble fiber - ✔✔does not dissolve in water because it contains high amounts of cellulose (bran of
rains, pulp of fruit, skin of vegetables...)(ex. cellulose, hemicellulose), part of cell wall, contributes bulk
to stool
soluble fiber - ✔✔dissolves in water (apples, oatmeal, oat bran, rye flour, dried beans...)(ex. gums,
pectin)
fat - ✔✔supplies energy and transports nutrients (essentials are omega-3 and omega-6)
protein - ✔✔supplies amino acids to build and maintain healthy body tissue. necessary for all aspects of
metabolism and growth
vitamins - ✔✔organic substances present in food and required by the body in small amounts for
regulation of metabolism and maintenance of normal growth and functioning
water soluble vitamins - ✔✔B and C
, fat soluble vitamins - ✔✔A, D, E, K
minerals - ✔✔important component in muscles, tissues, and bones / also essential for hormones,
oxygen transport, and enzyme systems.
major minerals - ✔✔minerals the body needs in large amounts
ex/ calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, sodium, potassium, sulfur, chloride
trace minerals - ✔✔minerals the body only needs in small amounts
ex/ iron, zinc, iodine, copper, manganese
nutrient density - ✔✔a measure of the nutrient a food provides compared to its energy content
water purpose in the body - ✔✔helps to regulate body temperature, transports nutrients and minerals
to cells, rids the body of waste materials, essential to all life processes
mitochondria are good for what 3 things - ✔✔(1) ATP
(2) oxygen utilization
(3) carbon dioxide formation
where does the citric acid cycle occur - ✔✔inside the mitochondrion
ATP -> ? - ✔✔Adenosine TRIphosphate
--------> Adenosine DIphosphate
\---p-->
enzyme - ✔✔biological catalysts that lower the activation energy for a reaction - therefore making that
reaction happen more frequently
enzyme reaction - ✔✔lock and key model
