Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 15th Edition
John E. Hall, Michael E. Hall
TEST BANK
Includes All Chapters (1 to 85)
What’s Included?
• Complete Chapter-by-Chapter Test Bank
• Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) with Answers (All Chapters)
,Chapter 01: Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the
“Internal Environment”
Hall: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 15th Edition
Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
a. Positive feedback usually promotes a change and may be associated with vicious cycles and
progressive disease.
b. Some positive feedback systems may be useful and part of an overall negative feedback
process.
c. Some physiological variables such as blood pressure, cardiac output, blood cortisol
concentration, and metabolic rate change significantly throughout the day in healthy persons.
d. In most diseases, homeostatic mechanisms are completely inoperative.
e. In many diseases, the body’s compensatory mechanisms may lead to deviations from the
normal range in some body functions.
ANS: D
2. If the feedback gain of a control system is -3.0, this means that the system is
a. A negative feedback system capable of correcting 1/3 of the initial disturbance to the system
b. A negative feedback system capable of correcting 2/3 of the initial disturbance to the system
c. A negative feedback system capable of correcting 3/4 of the initial disturbance to the system
d. A positive feedback system that exacerbates the initial disturbance to the system by 33%
e. A positive feedback system that exacerbates the initial disturbance to the system by 75%
f. A positive feedback system that exacerbates the initial disturbance to the system by 3-fold
ANS: C
3. Which of the following statements about homeostasis is incorrect?
a. It refers to the maintenance of a stable internal environment for the body.
b. Homeostatic mechanisms do not operate in diseases.
c. Homeostasis requires integrated actions of the cells, tissues, organs, and multiple nervous,
hormonal, and local control systems.
d. Homeostatic compensations that begin after a major environmental challenge may contribute
to abnormalities of body function.
ANS: B
4. What is the most abundant type of cell in the human body?
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,Test Bank
1-2
a. Neuron
b. Epithelial cell
c. Red blood cell
d. White blood cell
e. Vascular smooth muscle cell
f. Skeletal muscle cell
ANS: C
5. The most abundant substance in the human body and the approximate percentage of that
substance in the body is which of the following?
a. Protein, 30%
b. Protein, 60%
c. Water, 30%
d. Water, 60%
e. Carbohydrate, 30%
f. Carbohydrate, 60%
ANS: D
6. Which of the following substances has the highest extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid
concentration ratio for most mammalian cells?
a. Sodium ions
b. Potassium ions
c. Carbon dioxide
d. Glucose
e. Protein
ANS: A
7. Exchange of substances between the cardiovascular system and the interstitial fluid occurs
mainly in which of the following?
a. Arteries
b. Arterioles
c. Capillaries
d. Venules
e. Veins
ANS: C
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, Test Bank
1-3
8. When a person is at rest, how much time is required for the blood in the circulation to traverse
the entire circulatory circuit?
a. 1 second
b. 1 minute
c. 3 minutes
d. 4 minutes
e. 5 minutes
ANS: B
9. A 60-year old man is admitted to the intensive care unit, in shock and unconscious with a
mean arterial pressure is 35 mmHg, following a farming accident in which his femoral artery was
severed. His estimated blood loss was over 2.5 liters. Despite rapid infusion of 2.5 liters of
blood, his blood pressure, after an initial increase to 60 mmHg, continued to decline. Which of
the following statements is most likely to be true regarding his continued decline in blood
pressure?
a. The severe hemorrhage led to impaired cardiac function that, in turn, created a negative
feedback that caused further reduction of blood pressure.
b. The severe hemorrhage led to impaired cardiac function that, in turn, created a positive
feedback that caused further reduction of blood pressure.
c. The continued decline of blood pressure is an example of feed-forward control by the
cardiopulmonary reflexes
d. Transfusion of additional blood (more than 2.5 liters) would likely return his blood pressure to
normal and lead to full recovery
ANS: B
10. Which of the following is an example of positive feedback in the body?
a. Return of blood pressure toward normal after a hemorrhage
b. Generation of action potentials in nerves
c. Increased respiration rate caused by accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood
d. Decreased sympathetic nervous system activity that occurs in response to increased blood
pressure
ANS: B
11. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
a. Trillions of microorganisms normally inhabit the body.
b. Microorganisms of the body normally live in harmony with their human hosts.
Copyright © 2026
John E. Hall, Michael E. Hall
TEST BANK
Includes All Chapters (1 to 85)
What’s Included?
• Complete Chapter-by-Chapter Test Bank
• Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) with Answers (All Chapters)
,Chapter 01: Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the
“Internal Environment”
Hall: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 15th Edition
Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
a. Positive feedback usually promotes a change and may be associated with vicious cycles and
progressive disease.
b. Some positive feedback systems may be useful and part of an overall negative feedback
process.
c. Some physiological variables such as blood pressure, cardiac output, blood cortisol
concentration, and metabolic rate change significantly throughout the day in healthy persons.
d. In most diseases, homeostatic mechanisms are completely inoperative.
e. In many diseases, the body’s compensatory mechanisms may lead to deviations from the
normal range in some body functions.
ANS: D
2. If the feedback gain of a control system is -3.0, this means that the system is
a. A negative feedback system capable of correcting 1/3 of the initial disturbance to the system
b. A negative feedback system capable of correcting 2/3 of the initial disturbance to the system
c. A negative feedback system capable of correcting 3/4 of the initial disturbance to the system
d. A positive feedback system that exacerbates the initial disturbance to the system by 33%
e. A positive feedback system that exacerbates the initial disturbance to the system by 75%
f. A positive feedback system that exacerbates the initial disturbance to the system by 3-fold
ANS: C
3. Which of the following statements about homeostasis is incorrect?
a. It refers to the maintenance of a stable internal environment for the body.
b. Homeostatic mechanisms do not operate in diseases.
c. Homeostasis requires integrated actions of the cells, tissues, organs, and multiple nervous,
hormonal, and local control systems.
d. Homeostatic compensations that begin after a major environmental challenge may contribute
to abnormalities of body function.
ANS: B
4. What is the most abundant type of cell in the human body?
Copyright © 2026
,Test Bank
1-2
a. Neuron
b. Epithelial cell
c. Red blood cell
d. White blood cell
e. Vascular smooth muscle cell
f. Skeletal muscle cell
ANS: C
5. The most abundant substance in the human body and the approximate percentage of that
substance in the body is which of the following?
a. Protein, 30%
b. Protein, 60%
c. Water, 30%
d. Water, 60%
e. Carbohydrate, 30%
f. Carbohydrate, 60%
ANS: D
6. Which of the following substances has the highest extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid
concentration ratio for most mammalian cells?
a. Sodium ions
b. Potassium ions
c. Carbon dioxide
d. Glucose
e. Protein
ANS: A
7. Exchange of substances between the cardiovascular system and the interstitial fluid occurs
mainly in which of the following?
a. Arteries
b. Arterioles
c. Capillaries
d. Venules
e. Veins
ANS: C
Copyright © 2026
, Test Bank
1-3
8. When a person is at rest, how much time is required for the blood in the circulation to traverse
the entire circulatory circuit?
a. 1 second
b. 1 minute
c. 3 minutes
d. 4 minutes
e. 5 minutes
ANS: B
9. A 60-year old man is admitted to the intensive care unit, in shock and unconscious with a
mean arterial pressure is 35 mmHg, following a farming accident in which his femoral artery was
severed. His estimated blood loss was over 2.5 liters. Despite rapid infusion of 2.5 liters of
blood, his blood pressure, after an initial increase to 60 mmHg, continued to decline. Which of
the following statements is most likely to be true regarding his continued decline in blood
pressure?
a. The severe hemorrhage led to impaired cardiac function that, in turn, created a negative
feedback that caused further reduction of blood pressure.
b. The severe hemorrhage led to impaired cardiac function that, in turn, created a positive
feedback that caused further reduction of blood pressure.
c. The continued decline of blood pressure is an example of feed-forward control by the
cardiopulmonary reflexes
d. Transfusion of additional blood (more than 2.5 liters) would likely return his blood pressure to
normal and lead to full recovery
ANS: B
10. Which of the following is an example of positive feedback in the body?
a. Return of blood pressure toward normal after a hemorrhage
b. Generation of action potentials in nerves
c. Increased respiration rate caused by accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood
d. Decreased sympathetic nervous system activity that occurs in response to increased blood
pressure
ANS: B
11. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
a. Trillions of microorganisms normally inhabit the body.
b. Microorganisms of the body normally live in harmony with their human hosts.
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