NUR
NUR 376 PATHO FINAL QUESTIONS
WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
2025
Innate immunity is? - correct answers1st line of defense against infection
Nonspecific mechanism that defends the body immediately against all
types of pathogens
Adaptive immunity is? - correct answers-2nd line of defense against
infection
-Developed with exposure to antigens and targets particular pathogens
-Includes B and T cells to fight infection and create antibodies
Two major categories of adaptive
immunity correct answers1. B lymphocyte
immunity (humoral)
2. T lymphocyte immunity (cell-mediated)
Passive-acquired adaptive immunity - correct answers-
Individual given pre made, fully formed antibodies against an antigen
-Provides immediate but short term
immunity. Ex: Infant acquiring
antibodies in breast milk
Active acquired adaptive immunity - correct answersLonger lasting
immunity than passive- acquired adaptive immunity but not permanent.
Ex: Vaccine
Immunocompetence vs. Immunosuppression correct answers Immuno
competence refers to the individual’s ability to protect oneself from
infectious agents because of a strong immune system.
Immunosuppression indicates a defe ctive immune system that places
person at higher risk for infection.
Define immunodeficiency - correct answers Weakened immune system
Define primary immunodeficiency correct
answersPresent @ birth, only affects one cell
type
**IgA deficiency most common
NUR 376 PATHO FINAL QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2025
,NUR
Define severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). correct
answersNegatively affects both B and T cell development so there is
increased risk f
or infection.
Type 2: Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity correct
answersMost common: Transfusion of the wrong
blood Causes immune system to attack newly
transfused cells
WBC count normally vs. infection - correct answersNormal:
4,500-11,000 cells/ml
During infection:
~15,000-20,000 cells/ml
Pathophysiologic changes in WBCs - correct answers-leukopenia
-leukocytosis
??
Hypervolemia - correct answers
Hypertonic IV Solution
what does hypertonic mean?
what are the types of hypertonic fluid?
(6) what does it treat?
what are the nursing interventions? correct answersHypertonic=
excessive fluid extracellular space, causing cell to shrink
Fluid Types:
1.) 3% Saline
2.) 5% Saline
3.) 5% Dextrose in 0.9% Saline
4.) 5% Dextrose in 0.45% Saline
5.) 5% Dextrose in LR 6.) 10% Dextrose in H2O
NUR 376 PATHO FINAL QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2025
,NUR
Treats:
- Hyponatremia (pulls Na+ backAinto intravascular system)
**remember water follows sodium**
-cerebral edema
Interventions:
-Give cautiously in ICU via central line
-Rapid absorption so body can be affected quickly
-Monitor for fluid overload, electrolyte imbalance, BP,
HR Hypotonic IV Solution
what does hypotonic mean?
what are the types of hypertonic fluid? (3)
Treats?
Contraindications? correct answersHypotonic= Decrease in extracellular
concentration, Increase in intracellular concentration.
Side Effects= cell lyses (rupture) and depletion of fluid in circulatory
system
Fluid Types:
1.) 0.45% Saline (1/2 normal saline)
2.) 0.225% Saline (1/4 normal saline)
3.) 0.33% Saline (1/3 normal saline)
Treats:
- Hydrates cell
-Hyperglycemia
-Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
-Hyperosmolar (extremely high blood glucose levels)
Contraindications:
NUR 376 PATHO FINAL QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2025
, NUR
-Patients with increased cranial pressure (fluid will shift into brain tissue
causing swelling)
-Burns & Trauma (Hypovolemic)
Isotonic IV Solution
What does isotonic mean?
What are the fluid types? (4)
Purpose? - correct answersIsotonic means equal concentration
Fluid Types:
1.) 0.9% Saline
2.) 5% Dextrose in H2O
3.) 5% Dextrose in 0.225 Saline
4.) Lactated Ringers (LR)
Purpose:
To increase extracellular fluid
Loss through:
-Blood loss
-Dehydration (may be due to nausea & vomiting)
-Surgery
Normal Electrolyte Levels - correct answersSodium: 135-145
Potassium: 3.5-5
Calcium- 9-11
Magnesium: 1.5-2.5
Phosphorous: 2.8-4.5
RAAS Steps - correct answers1. Low BP is detected causing stimulation of
RAAS
2.Renin released by juxtaglomerular cells in kidneys
3.Liver releases angiotensinogen
NUR 376 PATHO FINAL QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2025
NUR 376 PATHO FINAL QUESTIONS
WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
2025
Innate immunity is? - correct answers1st line of defense against infection
Nonspecific mechanism that defends the body immediately against all
types of pathogens
Adaptive immunity is? - correct answers-2nd line of defense against
infection
-Developed with exposure to antigens and targets particular pathogens
-Includes B and T cells to fight infection and create antibodies
Two major categories of adaptive
immunity correct answers1. B lymphocyte
immunity (humoral)
2. T lymphocyte immunity (cell-mediated)
Passive-acquired adaptive immunity - correct answers-
Individual given pre made, fully formed antibodies against an antigen
-Provides immediate but short term
immunity. Ex: Infant acquiring
antibodies in breast milk
Active acquired adaptive immunity - correct answersLonger lasting
immunity than passive- acquired adaptive immunity but not permanent.
Ex: Vaccine
Immunocompetence vs. Immunosuppression correct answers Immuno
competence refers to the individual’s ability to protect oneself from
infectious agents because of a strong immune system.
Immunosuppression indicates a defe ctive immune system that places
person at higher risk for infection.
Define immunodeficiency - correct answers Weakened immune system
Define primary immunodeficiency correct
answersPresent @ birth, only affects one cell
type
**IgA deficiency most common
NUR 376 PATHO FINAL QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2025
,NUR
Define severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). correct
answersNegatively affects both B and T cell development so there is
increased risk f
or infection.
Type 2: Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity correct
answersMost common: Transfusion of the wrong
blood Causes immune system to attack newly
transfused cells
WBC count normally vs. infection - correct answersNormal:
4,500-11,000 cells/ml
During infection:
~15,000-20,000 cells/ml
Pathophysiologic changes in WBCs - correct answers-leukopenia
-leukocytosis
??
Hypervolemia - correct answers
Hypertonic IV Solution
what does hypertonic mean?
what are the types of hypertonic fluid?
(6) what does it treat?
what are the nursing interventions? correct answersHypertonic=
excessive fluid extracellular space, causing cell to shrink
Fluid Types:
1.) 3% Saline
2.) 5% Saline
3.) 5% Dextrose in 0.9% Saline
4.) 5% Dextrose in 0.45% Saline
5.) 5% Dextrose in LR 6.) 10% Dextrose in H2O
NUR 376 PATHO FINAL QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2025
,NUR
Treats:
- Hyponatremia (pulls Na+ backAinto intravascular system)
**remember water follows sodium**
-cerebral edema
Interventions:
-Give cautiously in ICU via central line
-Rapid absorption so body can be affected quickly
-Monitor for fluid overload, electrolyte imbalance, BP,
HR Hypotonic IV Solution
what does hypotonic mean?
what are the types of hypertonic fluid? (3)
Treats?
Contraindications? correct answersHypotonic= Decrease in extracellular
concentration, Increase in intracellular concentration.
Side Effects= cell lyses (rupture) and depletion of fluid in circulatory
system
Fluid Types:
1.) 0.45% Saline (1/2 normal saline)
2.) 0.225% Saline (1/4 normal saline)
3.) 0.33% Saline (1/3 normal saline)
Treats:
- Hydrates cell
-Hyperglycemia
-Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
-Hyperosmolar (extremely high blood glucose levels)
Contraindications:
NUR 376 PATHO FINAL QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2025
, NUR
-Patients with increased cranial pressure (fluid will shift into brain tissue
causing swelling)
-Burns & Trauma (Hypovolemic)
Isotonic IV Solution
What does isotonic mean?
What are the fluid types? (4)
Purpose? - correct answersIsotonic means equal concentration
Fluid Types:
1.) 0.9% Saline
2.) 5% Dextrose in H2O
3.) 5% Dextrose in 0.225 Saline
4.) Lactated Ringers (LR)
Purpose:
To increase extracellular fluid
Loss through:
-Blood loss
-Dehydration (may be due to nausea & vomiting)
-Surgery
Normal Electrolyte Levels - correct answersSodium: 135-145
Potassium: 3.5-5
Calcium- 9-11
Magnesium: 1.5-2.5
Phosphorous: 2.8-4.5
RAAS Steps - correct answers1. Low BP is detected causing stimulation of
RAAS
2.Renin released by juxtaglomerular cells in kidneys
3.Liver releases angiotensinogen
NUR 376 PATHO FINAL QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2025
