ATLS Post Actual Exam NEWEST VERSION 2025 Actual Exam with Verified Questions and Correct

ATLS Post Actual Exam NEWEST VERSION 2025 Actual Exam with Verified Questions and Correct Twenty seven people are severely injured in an aircraft crash at a local airport. The principles of triage include: A. establish a triage site within the internal perimeter of the crash site B. treat only the most severely injured patients first C. immediately transport all patients to the nearest hospital D. treat the greatest number of patients in the shortest period of time E. produce the greatest number of survivors based on available resources E. Produce the greatest number of survivors based on available resources Which of the following statements are correct? A. Cerebral contusions may coalesce to form an intracerebral hematoma B. Epidural hematomas are usually seen in the frontal region C. Subdural hematomas are caused by injury to the middle meningeal artery D. Subdural hematomas typically have a lenticular shape on CT E. The associated brain damage is more severe in epidural hematomas A. Cerebral contusions may coalesce to form an intracerebral hematoma EM: Epidural, middle meningeal SuB: Subdural, Bridging veins An 18 year old male is brought to the ED after being shot. He has one bullet wound just below the right clavicle and another just below the costal margin in the right posterior axillary line. His blood pressure is 110/60, heart rate of 90, and respiratory rate of 34. After ensuring a patent airway and inserting 2 large caliber IV lines, the next most appropriate step is to: A. Obtain a portable chest x-ray B. Administer a bolus of additional IV fluid C. Perform a laparatomy D. Obtain an abdominal CT scan E. Perform diagnostic peritoneal lavage A. Obtain a portable chest x-ray need more info on chest, not abdomen Which of the following should be performed FIRST in any patient whose injuries may include multiple closed extremity fractures? A. A thorough assessment of four limb perfusion B. Manuevers to prevent necrosis of the skin C. Extremity compartment syndrome release D. Ensuring adequate oxygenation and ventilation E. Evaluation for occult crush syndrome D. Ensuring adequate oxygenation and ventilation (ABC's) A 22 year old male sustains a shotgun wound to the shoulder and chest at close range. His BP is 80/40 and HR 130. After 2 L of crystalloid solution are rapidly infused, his BP increases to 122/84 and HR decreases to 100. He is tachypneic with RR of 28. On PE, his breath sounds are decreased at the left upper chest with dullness on percussion. A large caliber tube thoracostomy is inserted into the fifth intercostal space with the return of 200 mL of blood and no air leak. The most appropriate next step is: A. Insert a foley catheter B. Begin to transfuse O negative blood C. Perform thoracotomy D. Obtain a CT Chest/Abd E. Repeat the physical exam of the chest E. Repeat the physical exam of the chest decreased breath sounds w/dullness - hemothorax, need tube to drain vs. decreased/absent breath sounds w/hyperresonance - tension pneumonia, need needle decompression followed by tube Which one of the following statements concerning spine and spinal cord trauma is TRUE? A. A normal lateral C spine film excludes injury B. A vertebral injury is unlikely in the absence of physical findings of a cord injury C. A patient with a suspected spine injury requires immobilization on a short spine D. Diaphragmatic breathing in an unconscious patient who has fallen is a sign of spine injury E. Determination of whether a spinal cord lesion is complete or incomplete must be made in the primary survey B. A vertebral injury is unlikely in the absence of physical findings of a cord injury A 17 year old female is brought to the ED following a 6 feet fall onto concrete. She is unresponsive and found to have a RR of 32, BP of 90/60, and HR of 68. The FIRST step in treatment is: A. Administering vasopressors B. Establishing IV access for drug-assisted intubation C. Seeking the cause of her decreased level of consciousness D. Applying oxygen and maintaining airway E. Excluding hemorrhage as a cause of shock D. Applying oxygen and maintaining airway First = ABCs Signs and symptoms of airway compromise include all of the following except: A. Change in voice B. Stridor C. Tachypea D. Dyspnea and agitation E. Decreased pulse pressure E. Decreased pulse pressure A 47 year old house painter is brought to the hospital after falling 20 feet from a ladder and landing straddled on a fence. Examination of his perineum reveals extensive ecchymosis. There is blood in the external urethral meatus. The initial diagnostic study for the evaluation of the urinary tract should be: A. cystoscopy B. cystography C. intravenous pyelography D. CT scan E. retrograde urethrography E. retrograde urethrography - any ecchymosis, needs to be done before catheter! A 30 year old male presents after a MVC. Vitals are RR 18, HR 88, BP 130/72, GCS 13. Laparatomy is indicated when: A. There is a distinct seat belt sign over the abdomen B. The CT demonstrates a grade 4 hepatic injury C. There is evidence of extraperitoneal bladder injury D. CT demonstrates retroperitoneal air E. The abdomen is distended with localized rihgt upper quadrant tenderness D. CT demonstrates retroperitoneal air - air, peritonitis (tenderness, rigidity), unstable vital signs A 20 year old male is brought to the hospital approximately 30 minutes after being stabbed in the chest. There is 3 cm wound just medial to the left nipple. BP is 70/33 and HR is 140. Neck and arm veins are distended. Breath sounds are normal. Heart sounds are diminished, IV access is established and warm crystalloid is infusing. The next most important aspect of immediate management is: A. CT Chest B. EKG C. Left tube thoracostomy D. RBC infusion E. FAST exam E. FAST exam Tamponade: muffled heart sounds, JVD, and hypotension - FAST cardiac exam Will require pericardiocentesis Neurogenic shock has all of the following characteristics except which one? A. hypotension B. vasodilation C. bradycardia D. neurologic deficit E. narrowed pulse pressure E. narrowed pulse pressure always the answer :) A 30 year old male sustains a gunshot wound to the right lower chest, midway between the nipple and the costal margin. He is brought by ambulance to a hospital with full surgical capabilities. In the ED, he is endotracheally intubated, 2 L of crystalloid is infused rapidly, and a closed tube thoracostomy is performed with the return of 200 mL of blood. A CXR reveals correct placement of the chest tube and a small residual hemothorax. His BP is now 70/50 and HR 140. The most appropriate next step is: A. Insert a second chest tube B. Obtain CT Abd C. Perform a thoracotomy in the ED D. Perform a laporotomy in the OR E. Perform a FAST exam E. Perform a FAST exam - needs more CHEST exploration not abdomen, so FAST of chest Which of the following is true regarding a PREGNANT patient who presents following blunt trauma? A. Early gastric decompression is important B. A hemoglobin level of 10 indicates recent blood loss C. The CVP response to volume resuscitation is blunted in pregnant patients D. A lap belt is the best form of restraint due to the size of the gravid uterus E. A PaCO2 of 40 provides reassurance about the adequancy of respiratory function A. Early gastric decompression is important Which one of the following statements is FALSE concerning Rh isoimmunization in pregnant trauma patients? A. It occurs in blunt or penetrating abdominal trauma B. It is produced by minor degrees of fetomaternal hemorrhage C. Rh immunoglobulin therapy should be administered to pregnant females who have sustained a gunshot wound to the leg D. This is not a problem in traumatized, Rh-positive pregnant patients E. Initiation of Rh immunoglobulin therapy does not require proof of fetomaternal hemorrhage C. Rh immunoglobulin therapy should be administered to pregnant females who have sustained a gunshot wound to the leg Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding access in pediatric resuscitation? A. Intraosseous access should be only be considered after 5 percutaneous attempts B. Cut down at the ankle is a preferred initial access technique C. Blood transfusion can be delivered through intraosseous access D. Internal jugular cannulation is the next preferred option when percutaneous venous access fails E. Intraosseous cannulation should be first choice for access C. Blood transfusion can be delivered through intraosseous access (anything can be delievered IO) A 23 year old male is stabbed below the right nipple. He is alert, and his oxygen saturation is 98%. Chest tube was placed for treatment of hemopneumothorax. BP is 90/60 mmHg after administration of 1 L of crystalloid solution. What is the next step in treatment? A. Re-examine the chest B. Place a left-sided chest tube C. Insert central venous catheter D. Perform CT Abd/Pelvis E. Prepare for urgent thoractomy A. Re-examine the chest You are treating a trauma patient and attempt a definitive airway by intubation. However, the vocal cords are not visible. What tool would be most valuable for achieving successful intubation? A. Gum elastic bougie B. Lateral cervical spine XR C. Nasopharyngeal airway D. Oxygen E. Laryngeal mask airway A. Gum elastic bougie When glottis is not visualized, it is passed blindly behind the epiglottis A 79 year old female is involved in a motor vehicle crash and presents to the ED. She is on Coumadin and a beta blocker. Which of the folowing statements is true concerning her management? A. The risk of subdural hemorrhage is decreased B. Absence of tachycardia indicates that the patient is hemodynamically normal C. Non-operative management of abdominal injuries is more likely to be successful in older adults than in younger patients D. Vigorous fluid resuscitation may be assocaited with cardiorespiratory failure E. Epinephrine should be infused immediately for hypotension D. Vigorous fluid resuscitation may be assocaited with cardiorespiratory failure The primary indication for transferring a patient to a higher level trauma center is: Resource limitations as determined by the transferring doctor - DO NOT obtain things unless they are necessary at current hospital! A teenaged bicycle rider is hit by a truck traveling at high speed. In the emergency department, she is actively bleeding from open fractures of her legs, and has abrasions on her chest and abdominal wall. Her blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg, heart rate is 140 beats per minute, respiratory rate is 8 breaths per minute, and GCS score is 6. The first step in managing this patient is to: a) obtain a lateral cervical spine xray. b) administer 2 liters of crystalloid solution. c) insert a central venous pressure line. d) perform endotracheal intubation and ventilation. D. Perform endotracheal intubation and ventilation GCS 8 or less - intubate Contraindication to nasogastric intubation is the presence of a: Fracture of the cribiform plate Which of the following statements regarding patients with thoracic spine injuries is true? Log rolling may be destabilizing to fractures from T12-L1 A young man sustains a rifle wound to the mid-abdomen. He is brought promptly to the ED by prehospital personnel. His skin is cool and diaphoretic, and his systolic blood pressure is 58mmHg. Warmed crystalloid fluids are initiated without improvement in his vital signs. The next, most appropriate, step is to perform: A. a laparotomy B. An abdominal CT-scan C. Diagnostic laparoscopy D. Abdominal ultrasonography E. A diagnostic peritoneal lavage A. a laparotomy unstable vitals + wound to mid-abdomen - laparotomy Young women sustains a severe head injury as the result of a motor vehicle crash. In the emergency department her GCS is 6. Her BP is 140/90 mmHg and her HR is 80. She is intubated and is being mechanically ventilated. Her pupils are 3 mm in size and equally reactive to light. There is no other apparent injury. The more important principle to follow in the early management of her head injury is to: Prevent secondary brain injury 22 year old man is brought to the hospital after crashing his motorcycle into a telephone pole. He is unconscious and in profound shock. He has no open wounds or obvious fractures. The cause of his shocks is most likely caused by: Hemorrhage into the chest or abdomen nothing visible - think chest or abdomen 30 year old man is struck by a car traveling 35mph. He has obvious fractures of the left tibia near the knee, pain in the pelvis area, and severe dyspnea. His HR is 180, RR 48 bpm with no breath sounds heard in the left chest. A tension PTX is relieved by immediate needle decompression and tube thoracostomy. Subsequently his HR decreased to 140, his RR decreased to 36 bpm, and BP 80/50 mmHg. Warmed LR is administered intravenously. The next priority should be to: Perform external fixation of the pelvis 8 year old girl is an unrestrained passenger in a vehicle struck from behind. In the ED, her blood pressure is 80/60, heart rate is 80 bpm, and respiratory rate is 16 breaths per minute. Her GCS score is 14. She complains that her legs "feel funny and won't move right", however, her spine x-rays do not show a fracture dislocation. A spinal injury in this child: Can be excluded by obtaining a CT of the entire spine Immediately chest tube insertion is indicated for which of the following conditions? Massive hemothorax 18 year old helmeted motorcyclist is brought by ambulance to the emergency department following a high speed crash. Pre-hospital personnel report that he was thrown 50 feet off his bike. He has a history of hypotension prior to arrival in the ED, but is now awake, alert, and conversational. Which of the following statements is true? The patient probably has an acute epidural hematoma (lucid interval) Crosstable, lateral XR of the cervical spine: Is unacceptable unless 7 cervical vertebra and the C7 to T1 relationship are visualized A 30 year old woman fell down four stairs landing on concrete. Witnesses report she was unconscious for five minutes beginning immediately after the fall. She regained full consciousness during the 10 minute transport to the hospital. Upon arrival to the ED, she is awake, alert, and responsive with a GCS of 15. Her only complaint is a slight headache. Thirty minutes later, she becomes unresponsive with a GCS of 6. On exam, her left pupil is large and nonreactive. The right pupil is normal. This is most consistent with: A. Subdural hematoma B. Epidural hematoma C. Occipital lobe hemorrhage D. Focal subarachnoid hemorrhage E. Cerebellar hemorrhage B. Epidural hematoma (lucid interval) During resuscitation, which one of the following is the most reliable as a guide to volume replacement? Urinary output Adults: 0.5 cc/kg Kids 1 cc/kg Which one of the following is the recommended method for initially treating frostbite? A. Application of dry heat B. Debridement of hemorrhagic blisters C. Early amputation to prevent septic complications D. Rapid rewarming of the body part in circulating warm water E. Massage of the affected area D. Rapid rewarming of the body part in circulating warm water A young man sustains a gunshot wound to the abdomen and is brought promptly to the ED by prehospital personnel. His skin is cool and diaphoretic, and he is confused. His pulse is thready and his femoral pulse is only weakly palpable. The definitive treatment in managing this patient is to: A. Administer O-negative blood B. Apply external warming devices C. Control internal hemorrhage operatively D. Apply a pneumatic antishock garment (PASG) E. Infuse large volumes of intravenous crystalloid solutions. C. Control internal hemorrhage operatively Hemorrhage: STOP the bleeding! A 30 year old male is brought to the hospital after falling 20 feet. Inspection reveals an obvious flail chest on the right. The patient is tachypenic. Breath sounds are present and symmetric. There is no significant hyperresonance or dullness. ABG obtained while the patient receives oxygen by face mask are: PaO2 of 45, PaCO2 of 28, and pH of 7.47. The component of injury that is most likely responsible for abnormalities in the patient's blood gases is: A. Hypoventilation B. Pulmonary contusion C. Hypovolemia D. Small pneumothorax E. Flail chest A. Hypoventilation retaining CO2, respiratory alkalosis A 14 year old female is brought to the ED after falling from a horse. She is immoblized on a long spine board with a hard collar and blocks. Cervical spine x-ray: ?? The first priority in management of a long bone fracture is: A. Reduction of pain B. Prevention of infection in case of an open fracture C. Prevention of further soft tissue injury D. Improve long term function E. Control of hemorrhage E. Control of hemorrhage stop the bleeding! The most SPECIFIC test to evaluate for injuries of solid abdominal organs is: A. Abdominal x-ray B. Abdominal ultrasound C. Diagnostic peritoneal lavage D. Frequent abdominal examination E. CT Abd/Pelvis E. CT Abd/Pelvis To establish a diagnosis of shock, A. Systolic blood pressure must be below 90mmHg B. The presence of a closed head injury should be excluded C. Acidosis should be present by arterial blood gas analysis D. The patient must fail to respond to intravenous fluid infusion E. Clinical evidence of inadequate organ perfusion must be present. E. Clinical evidence of inadequate organ perfusion must be present. A 29 year old female arrives in the ED after being involved in a motor vehicle crash. She is 30 weeks pregnant. She was restrained with a lap and shoulder belt, and an airbag deployed. Which one of the following statements best describes the risk of injury? A. The deployment of the airbag increased the risk of fetal loss B. The risk of premature fetal delivery and death is reduced by the use of restraints C. The use of seatbelts is associated with increased risk of maternal death D. The mechanism of injury suggests the need for emergency C section due to the risk of impending abruptio placentae E. The deployment of the airbag increases the risk of maternal abdominal injury B. The risk of premature fetal delivery and death is reduced by the use of restraints The most important consequence of inadequate organ perfusion is: A. Vasodilation B. Multiple organ failure C. Decreased base deficit D. Acute glomerulonephritis E. Increased cellular ATP production B. Multiple organ failure The most common acid-base disturbance encountered in injured pediatric patients is caused by: A. Hemorrhage B. Changes in ventilation C. Renal failure D. Injudicious bicarbonate administration E. Insufficient sodium chloride administration B. Changes in ventilation Absence of breath sounds and dullness to percussion over the left hemothorax are findings explained by: Left hemothorax vs. hyperresonance: tension pneumothorax A 17-year-old helmeted motorcyclist is struck broadside by an automobile at an intersection. He is unconscious at the scene with a blood pressure of 140/90mmHg, heart rate of 90 beats per minute, and respiratory rate of 22 breaths per minute. His respirations are sonorous and deep. His GCS score is 6. Immobilization of the entire patient may include the use of all the following EXCEPT: A. Air splints B. Bolstering devices C. A long spine board D. A scoop-style stretcher E. A semi-rigid cervical collar A. Air splints A 24 year old pedestrian, struck by an automobile, is admitted to the ED 1 hour after injury. His BP is 80/60, HR 140, and RR 36. He is lethargic. Oxygen is delivered via face mask, and two large caliber IVs are initiated. ABG is obtained: PaO2 118, PaCO2 30, pH 7.21. The treatment of his acid-base disorder is best accomplished by: A. Hyperventilation B. Restoration of normal perfusion C. Initiation of low dose dopamine D. Administration of sodium bicarbonate E. Initiation of phenylephrine infusion B. Restoration of normal perfusion During an altercation, a 36-year-old man sustains a gunshot wound above the nipple line on the right, with an exit wound posteriorly above the scapula on the right. He is transported by ambulance to a community hospital. He is endotracheally intubated, close tube thoracostomy is performed, and 2 liters Ringers lactate solution are infused via 2 large-caliber IVs. His blood pressure now is 60/0mmHg, heart rate is 160 beats per minute, and respiratory rate is 14 breaths per minute (ventilated with 100% O2). The most appropriate next step in managing this patient is: A. Laparotomy B. Diagnostic peritoneal lavage C. Arterial blood gas determination D. Administer packed red blood cells E. Chest X-ray to confirm tube placement D. Administered packed red blood cells Which of the following statements regarding injury to the central nervous system in children is true? Children suffer spinal cord injury without an XR abnormality more commonly than adults Which of the following physical findings does NOT suggest spinal cord injury as the cause of hypotension? A. Priapism B. Bradycardia C. Distended neck veins D. Diaphragmatic breathing E. Ability to flex forearms but inability to extend them ?? 5 year old boy is struck by an automobile and brought to the emergency department. He is lethargic, but withdraws purposefully from painfully stimuli. His blood pressure is 90 mmHg, HR 140 BPM, and RR is 36 bpm. The preferred route of venous access in this patient is: Pertained veins in the upper extremities The response to catecholamines in an injured, hypovolemic pregnant woman can be expected to result in: A. Placental abruption B. Fetal hypoxia and distress C. Fetal/maternal dysrhytmia D. Improved uterine blood flow E. Increased maternal renal blood flow B. Fetal hypoxia and distress A construction worker falls from a scaffold and is transferred to the ED. His HR is 124 bpm and his BP is 85/60. He complains of lower abdominal pain. After assessing the airway and chest, immobilizing the C spine and initiating fluid resuscitation, the next step is to perform: A. FAST exam B. Detailed neurological exam C. Rectal exam D. Cervical spine x-ray E. Urethral catheterization A. FAST exam Cardiac tamponade after trauma: Can be confused with a tension pneumothorax Cardic tamponade: A. Requires surgical intervention B. Is definitively managed by needle pericardiocentesis C. Is easily diagnosed by Beck's triad D. Is indicated by Kussmaul breathing E. Is most common with blunt thoracic trauma and anterior rib fractures ?? 30 year old man sustains a severely, communities, open distal right femur fracture in a motorcycle crash. The wound is actively bleeding. DP and PT are easily palpable on the left, but heard only by Doppler on the right. Immediate effort to improve circulation the injured extremity should involve: Tamponade of the wound with a pressure dressing 24 year old male sustains multiple fractured ribs bilaterally as a result of being crushed in a press at plywood factory. Examination in the ED revealed a foil segment on the patient's thorax. Primary resuscitation includes high flow, oxygen administration via a non-breathing mask, and initiation of ringers lactate solution. The patient exhibits progressive confusion, cyanosis, and kidney. Management at this time she consist of: Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation 23 year old man is brought immediately to the emergency department from the hospital parking lot where he was shot in the lower abdomen. Examination reveals a single bullet wound. He is breathing and has a thrash pulse. However, he is unconscious and has no detectable blood pressure. Optimal immediate management is to: Transfer the patient to the operating room while initiating fluid therapy Compared with adults, children have: A. A longer, wide, funnel shaped airway B. A less pliable, calcified skeleton C. Lower incidence of bony injury with neurogenic shock D. A relatively smaller head and larger jaw E. Anterior displacement of C5 and C6 C. Lower incidence of bony injury with neurogenic shock 25 year old woman is brought to the emergency department after a motor vehicle crash. She was initially lucid at the scene and then developed the dilated people in contralateral externally weakness. In the emergency department, she's unconscious and has a GCS score of 6. The initial management step for this patient should be to: Perform endotracheal intubation A 22 year old female is 6 months pregnant presents following a motor vehicle crash. Paramedics report vaginal bleeding. What is the initial step in her treatment? A. Assess fetal heart sounds B. Check for fetal movement C. Perform inspection of the cervix D. Ask the patient what her name is E. Insert a wedge under the patient's right hip D. Ask the patient what her name is Which of the following statements is true? A. The laryngeal mask airway is an infraglottic device B. The multilumen esophageal airway occludes the supraglottic lumen and ventilates through the port placed distal to the vocal cords C. The nasopharyngeal airway is an ideal supraglottic device for patients with cribriform plate fractures D. Nasotracheal tubes position a cuffed airway in the infraglottic space E. Tracheostomy tubes are placed in apneic, hypoxic patients in the supraglottic space D. Nasotracheal tubes position a cuffed airway in the infraglottic space 24 year old woman passenger in an automobile, strikes the windscreen with her face during a head-on collision. In the emergency apartment, she's talking and has marked artificial demon crepitus. The highest priority should be given to: Upper airway protection Supraglottic airway devices: A. Are equivalent to endotracheal intubation B. Require neck extension for proper placement C. Are preferable to endotracheal intubation in a patient who cannot lie flat D. Are of value as part of a difficult or failed intubation plan E. Provide one form of definitive airway D. Are of value as part of a difficult or failed intubation plan A 25 year old male is brought to the hospital after sustaining partial and full thickness burns involving 60% of his body surface area. His right arm and hand are severly burned. There are obvious full thickness burns of the entire right hand and a circumferential burn of the right arm. Pulses are absent at the right wrist and a circumferential burn of the right arm. Pulses are absent at the right wrist and are not detected by Doppler examination. The first step in management of the right upper extremity should be: A. Fasciotomy B. Angiography C. Escharatomy D. Heparinization E. Tangenital excision C. Escharatomy ?? Early central venous pressure monitoring during fluid resusciation in the ED has the greatest utility in a: A. Patient with a splenic laceration B. Patient with a inhalation injury C. 6 year-old child with a pelvic fracture D. Patient with a severe cardiac contusion E. 24-year-old man with a massive hemothorax D. Patient with a severe cardiac contusion 32 year old male is brought to the hospital unconscious with severe facial injuries and noisy respirations after an automobile collision. In the emergency department, he has no apparent injury to the anterior aspect of his neck. He suddenly becomes apneic, and alternative ventilation with a face mask is unsuccessful. Examination of his mouth reveals a large hematoma of the fairing with loss of normal atomic landmarks. Initial management of his airway should consist of: A. Nasotracheal intubation B. Emergency tracheostomy C. Surgical cricothyroidotomy D. Placement of an oropharyngeal airway E. Placement of an nasopharyngeal airway C. Surgical cricothyroidotomy 42 year old man injured in a motor vehicle crash, suffers a closed, head injury, multiple palpable left roof fracture, bilateral femur fracture. He is intubated orotracheally without difficulty. Initially, has ventilations are easily assisted with a bag device. It becomes more difficult to ventilate the patient over the next five minutes, and his hemoglobin oxygen saturation level decreases from 90% to 89%. The most appropriate next step is to: Auscultate the patient's chest 42 year olds man is trapped from the waist down beneath his overturned tractor for several hours before Medical systemized. He is awake and alert until just before arriving in emergency department. He is now unconscious in response only to painful stimulate by moaning. His pupils are 3 mm in diameter and symmetrically reactive delight. Prehospital personnel indicate that they have not seen the patient move either of his lower extremities.: A pelvic fracture An electrician is eletrocuted by a downed power line after a thunderstorm. He apparently made contact with the wire at the level of the right mid thigh. In the ED, his vital signs are normal and no dysrythmia is noted on ECG. On examination, there is an exit wound on the bottom of the right foot. His urine is positive for blood by dipstick but not RBCs are seen microscopically. Initial management should include: A. Immediate angiography B. Aggressive fluid infusion C. Intravenous pyelography D. Debridement of necrotic muscle E. Admission to the ICU for observation B. Aggressive fluid infusion - suspected rhabdomyolyse Which one of the following physical findings suggest the causes of hypertension, other than spinal cord injury? Presence of deep tendon and reflexes