NUR 376 Patho Final Latest Questions and
Answers | Updated Professional Prep with
Verified Answers | A+ Verified
• Adaptive immunity is? -✓✓-2nd line of defense against infection
-Developed with exposure to antigens and targets particular pathogens
-Includes B and T cells to fight infection and create antibodies
• Two major categories of adaptive immunity -✓✓1. B lymphocyte immunity (humoral)
2. T lymphocyte immunity (cell-mediated)
• Passive-acquired adaptive immunity -✓✓-Individual given pre made, fully formed
antibodies against an antigen
-Provides immediate but short term immunity.
Ex: Infant acquiring antibodies in breast milk
• Active acquired adaptive immunity -✓✓Longer lasting immunity than passive-acquired
adaptive immunity but not permanent.
Ex: Vaccine
• Immunocompetence vs. Immunosuppression -✓✓Immunocompetence refers to the
individuals ability to protect oneself from infectious agents because of a strong immune
system. Immunosuppression indicates a defective immune system that places person at
higher risk for infection.
• Define immunodeficiency -✓✓Weakened immune system
• Define primary immunodeficiency -✓✓Present @ birth, only affects one cell type
**IgA deficiency most common
• Define severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). -✓✓Negatively affects both B and
T cell development so there is increased risk for infection.
• Type 2: Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity -✓✓Most common: Transfusion of the wrong blood
Causes immune system to attack newly transfused cells
• WBC count normally vs. infection -✓✓Normal:
4,500-11,000 cells/ml
During infection:
~15,000-20,000 cells/ml
,• Pathophysiologic changes in WBCs -✓✓-leukopenia
-leukocytosis
??
• Hypervolemia -✓✓
• Hypertonic IV Solution
what does hypertonic mean?
what are the types of hypertonic fluid? (6)
what does it treat?
what are the nursing interventions? -✓✓Hypertonic= excessive fluid extracellular space,
causing cell to shrink
Fluid Types:
1.) 3% Saline
2.) 5% Saline
3.) 5% Dextrose in 0.9% Saline
4.) 5% Dextrose in 0.45% Saline
5.) 5% Dextrose in LR
6.) 10% Dextrose in H2O
Treats:
- Hyponatremia (pulls Na+ back into intravascular system)
**remember water follows sodium**
-cerebral edema
Interventions:
-Give cautiously in ICU via central line
-Rapid absorption so body can be affected quickly
-Monitor for fluid overload, electrolyte imbalance, BP, HR
• Hypotonic IV Solution
what does hypotonic mean?
what are the types of hypertonic fluid? (3)
Treats?
Contraindications? -✓✓Hypotonic= Decrease in extracellular concentration, Increase in
intracellular concentration.
Side Effects= cell lyses (rupture) and depletion of fluid in circulatory system
Fluid Types:
1.) 0.45% Saline (1/2 normal saline)
2.) 0.225% Saline (1/4 normal saline)
, 3.) 0.33% Saline (1/3 normal saline)
Treats:
- Hydrates cell
-Hyperglycemia
-Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
-Hyperosmolar (extremely high blood glucose levels)
Contraindications:
-Patients with increased cranial pressure (fluid will shift into brain tissue causing
swelling)
-Burns & Trauma (Hypovolemic)
• Isotonic IV Solution
What does isotonic mean?
What are the fluid types? (4)
Purpose? -✓✓Isotonic means equal concentration
Fluid Types:
1.) 0.9% Saline
2.) 5% Dextrose in H2O
3.) 5% Dextrose in 0.225 Saline
4.) Lactated Ringers (LR)
Purpose:
To increase extracellular fluid
Loss through:
-Blood loss
-Dehydration (may be due to nausea & vomiting)
-Surgery
• Normal Electrolyte Levels -✓✓Sodium: 135-145
Potassium: 3.5-5
Calcium- 9-11
Magnesium: 1.5-2.5
Phosphorous: 2.8-4.5
• RAAS Steps -✓✓1. Low BP is detected causing stimulation of RAAS
2. Renin released by juxtaglomerular cells in kidneys
3. Liver releases angiotensinogen
4. Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1
5. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2
6. Angiotensin 2 causes:
-vasoconstriction of blood vessels
-aldosterone release by adrenal glands (Na+ reabsorption & K+ excretion in kidneys)
Answers | Updated Professional Prep with
Verified Answers | A+ Verified
• Adaptive immunity is? -✓✓-2nd line of defense against infection
-Developed with exposure to antigens and targets particular pathogens
-Includes B and T cells to fight infection and create antibodies
• Two major categories of adaptive immunity -✓✓1. B lymphocyte immunity (humoral)
2. T lymphocyte immunity (cell-mediated)
• Passive-acquired adaptive immunity -✓✓-Individual given pre made, fully formed
antibodies against an antigen
-Provides immediate but short term immunity.
Ex: Infant acquiring antibodies in breast milk
• Active acquired adaptive immunity -✓✓Longer lasting immunity than passive-acquired
adaptive immunity but not permanent.
Ex: Vaccine
• Immunocompetence vs. Immunosuppression -✓✓Immunocompetence refers to the
individuals ability to protect oneself from infectious agents because of a strong immune
system. Immunosuppression indicates a defective immune system that places person at
higher risk for infection.
• Define immunodeficiency -✓✓Weakened immune system
• Define primary immunodeficiency -✓✓Present @ birth, only affects one cell type
**IgA deficiency most common
• Define severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). -✓✓Negatively affects both B and
T cell development so there is increased risk for infection.
• Type 2: Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity -✓✓Most common: Transfusion of the wrong blood
Causes immune system to attack newly transfused cells
• WBC count normally vs. infection -✓✓Normal:
4,500-11,000 cells/ml
During infection:
~15,000-20,000 cells/ml
,• Pathophysiologic changes in WBCs -✓✓-leukopenia
-leukocytosis
??
• Hypervolemia -✓✓
• Hypertonic IV Solution
what does hypertonic mean?
what are the types of hypertonic fluid? (6)
what does it treat?
what are the nursing interventions? -✓✓Hypertonic= excessive fluid extracellular space,
causing cell to shrink
Fluid Types:
1.) 3% Saline
2.) 5% Saline
3.) 5% Dextrose in 0.9% Saline
4.) 5% Dextrose in 0.45% Saline
5.) 5% Dextrose in LR
6.) 10% Dextrose in H2O
Treats:
- Hyponatremia (pulls Na+ back into intravascular system)
**remember water follows sodium**
-cerebral edema
Interventions:
-Give cautiously in ICU via central line
-Rapid absorption so body can be affected quickly
-Monitor for fluid overload, electrolyte imbalance, BP, HR
• Hypotonic IV Solution
what does hypotonic mean?
what are the types of hypertonic fluid? (3)
Treats?
Contraindications? -✓✓Hypotonic= Decrease in extracellular concentration, Increase in
intracellular concentration.
Side Effects= cell lyses (rupture) and depletion of fluid in circulatory system
Fluid Types:
1.) 0.45% Saline (1/2 normal saline)
2.) 0.225% Saline (1/4 normal saline)
, 3.) 0.33% Saline (1/3 normal saline)
Treats:
- Hydrates cell
-Hyperglycemia
-Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
-Hyperosmolar (extremely high blood glucose levels)
Contraindications:
-Patients with increased cranial pressure (fluid will shift into brain tissue causing
swelling)
-Burns & Trauma (Hypovolemic)
• Isotonic IV Solution
What does isotonic mean?
What are the fluid types? (4)
Purpose? -✓✓Isotonic means equal concentration
Fluid Types:
1.) 0.9% Saline
2.) 5% Dextrose in H2O
3.) 5% Dextrose in 0.225 Saline
4.) Lactated Ringers (LR)
Purpose:
To increase extracellular fluid
Loss through:
-Blood loss
-Dehydration (may be due to nausea & vomiting)
-Surgery
• Normal Electrolyte Levels -✓✓Sodium: 135-145
Potassium: 3.5-5
Calcium- 9-11
Magnesium: 1.5-2.5
Phosphorous: 2.8-4.5
• RAAS Steps -✓✓1. Low BP is detected causing stimulation of RAAS
2. Renin released by juxtaglomerular cells in kidneys
3. Liver releases angiotensinogen
4. Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1
5. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2
6. Angiotensin 2 causes:
-vasoconstriction of blood vessels
-aldosterone release by adrenal glands (Na+ reabsorption & K+ excretion in kidneys)
