FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION EXAM SCRIPT 2026 TEST
PAPER QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
●● Income Statement (I/S) purpose.
Answer: Shows performance over a period (revenues, expenses, profit).
VN: KQKD trong kỳ.
●● Balance Sheet (B/S) purpose.
Answer: Shows financial position at a point in time (assets, liabilities,
equity). VN: Vị thế tài chính tại 1 thời điểm.
●● Cash Flow Statement (C/F) purpose.
Answer: Shows cash movements (CFO, CFI, CFF). VN: Dòng tiền thật
theo hoạt động.
●● CFO meaning.
Answer: Cash flow from operating activities (core business cash). VN:
Tiền từ hoạt động kinh doanh.
●● CFI meaning.
,Answer: Cash flow from investing activities (capex, acquisitions,
disposals). VN: Tiền từ đầu tư.
●● CFF meaning.
Answer: Cash flow from financing activities (debt/equity/dividends).
VN: Tiền từ tài chính.
●● Accrual accounting vs cash basis.
Answer: Accrual recognizes economic events; cash recognizes when
cash moves. VN: Dồn tích vs tiền mặt.
●● Why profit ≠ cash.
Answer: Accrual timing + working capital changes cause gaps. VN: Lợi
nhuận có thể không chuyển thành tiền.
●● Financial statement analysis (FSA) definition.
Answer: Using FS + disclosures to evaluate past performance and
forecast future. VN: Dùng BCTC + thuyết minh để đánh giá & dự báo.
●● Main goal of FSA.
Answer: Convert accounting data into economic decisions. VN: Biến số
liệu thành quyết định kinh tế.
●● FSA framework overview.
, Answer: Objective → Gather → Process → Analyze → Report →
Update. VN: 6 bước theo vòng lặp.
●● Step 1: Objective & context.
Answer: Define question, user, horizon, constraints. VN: Xác định mục
tiêu & bối cảnh.
●● Objective example (equity).
Answer: "Is the stock undervalued given growth and risk?" VN: Định
giá cổ phiếu.
●● Objective example (credit).
Answer: "Can the firm meet interest and principal obligations?" VN:
Khả năng trả nợ.
●● Step 2: Gather data.
Answer: Collect FS, notes, MD&A, proxy, audit, peer/industry/macro
data. VN: Thu thập dữ liệu đầy đủ.
●● Step 3: Process data.
Answer: Adjust for accounting choices; compute ratios; common-size;
reclassify cash flows. VN: Chuẩn hoá để so sánh công bằng.
●● Step 4: Analyze & interpret.
INTRODUCTION EXAM SCRIPT 2026 TEST
PAPER QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
●● Income Statement (I/S) purpose.
Answer: Shows performance over a period (revenues, expenses, profit).
VN: KQKD trong kỳ.
●● Balance Sheet (B/S) purpose.
Answer: Shows financial position at a point in time (assets, liabilities,
equity). VN: Vị thế tài chính tại 1 thời điểm.
●● Cash Flow Statement (C/F) purpose.
Answer: Shows cash movements (CFO, CFI, CFF). VN: Dòng tiền thật
theo hoạt động.
●● CFO meaning.
Answer: Cash flow from operating activities (core business cash). VN:
Tiền từ hoạt động kinh doanh.
●● CFI meaning.
,Answer: Cash flow from investing activities (capex, acquisitions,
disposals). VN: Tiền từ đầu tư.
●● CFF meaning.
Answer: Cash flow from financing activities (debt/equity/dividends).
VN: Tiền từ tài chính.
●● Accrual accounting vs cash basis.
Answer: Accrual recognizes economic events; cash recognizes when
cash moves. VN: Dồn tích vs tiền mặt.
●● Why profit ≠ cash.
Answer: Accrual timing + working capital changes cause gaps. VN: Lợi
nhuận có thể không chuyển thành tiền.
●● Financial statement analysis (FSA) definition.
Answer: Using FS + disclosures to evaluate past performance and
forecast future. VN: Dùng BCTC + thuyết minh để đánh giá & dự báo.
●● Main goal of FSA.
Answer: Convert accounting data into economic decisions. VN: Biến số
liệu thành quyết định kinh tế.
●● FSA framework overview.
, Answer: Objective → Gather → Process → Analyze → Report →
Update. VN: 6 bước theo vòng lặp.
●● Step 1: Objective & context.
Answer: Define question, user, horizon, constraints. VN: Xác định mục
tiêu & bối cảnh.
●● Objective example (equity).
Answer: "Is the stock undervalued given growth and risk?" VN: Định
giá cổ phiếu.
●● Objective example (credit).
Answer: "Can the firm meet interest and principal obligations?" VN:
Khả năng trả nợ.
●● Step 2: Gather data.
Answer: Collect FS, notes, MD&A, proxy, audit, peer/industry/macro
data. VN: Thu thập dữ liệu đầy đủ.
●● Step 3: Process data.
Answer: Adjust for accounting choices; compute ratios; common-size;
reclassify cash flows. VN: Chuẩn hoá để so sánh công bằng.
●● Step 4: Analyze & interpret.
