FIN CERT PRACTICE EXAMINATION 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ echinoderms.
Answer: starfish, sea urchins- 5-fold symmetry- skeletons of calcite- water
vascular system
◍ animal.
Answer: a multicellular, heterotrophic (energy from other organisms)
eukaryote that forms a gastrula ring during development
◍ what does embryonic development depend on?.
Answer: 1. # of embryonic tissue layers2. opening of internal cavity
(blastopore)
◍ how many germ layers do cnidarians have?.
Answer: 2
◍ example of dermal tissue.
Answer: epidermis
◍ angiosperms have a __________ dominant life cycle..
Answer: sporophyte
◍ are bilaterians diploblastic or triploblastic?.
Answer: triploblastic
◍ in mosses, a diploid sporophyte undergoes __________ to produce
__________ spores..
Answer: meiosis, haploid
◍ T or F: CAM & C4 plants both produce 4-carbon organic acids as an entry
point for photosynthesis.
Answer: true
,◍ turgor pressure.
Answer: "osmotic pump"(pressure in plant cells caused by osmosis)-
increased pressure @ source (higher sugar concentration) causing water to
flow into the phloem from the xylem- decreased pressure @ sink (lower
sugar concentration) causing water to flow out of the phloem to the xylem
◍ 3 types of photosynthesis.
Answer: 1. C32. CAM3. C4
◍ endodermis.
Answer: allows roots to control which materials enter the xylem
◍ annelid worms.
Answer: - very diverse- half of all animal phyla(ex. earthworms, leeches,
polycheates, vestimentiferan worms)
◍ C3 plants.
Answer: plants that use the Calvin Cycle for the initial steps of
photosynthesis that incorporate CO2 into carbohydrates- no separation of
initial carbon fixation & Calvin Cycle- 85% of plants
◍ where does photosynthesis occur?.
Answer: leaf of a plant
◍ spicule.
Answer: small skeletal element
◍ how do plants sustain such high rates of water loss?.
Answer: by obtaining water from the soil
◍ what makes sugar flow through the phloem?.
Answer: differences in turgor pressure
◍ triploblastic.
Answer: having three germ layers- ectoderm - mesoderm - endoderm
◍ source.
Answer: where carbohydrates are being produced/stored(ex. leaves)
, ◍ mammals.
Answer: hair, mammary glands - placental mammals (ex. humans)-
marsupials (ex. kangaroos)- monotremes
◍ gametophyte.
Answer: haploid (1n) stage in the plant life cycle when the plant produces
gametes- develops from germinated haploid spores undergoing mitosis
◍ angiosperm.
Answer: flowering plant that produces seeds within a fruit
◍ how does PEP carboxylase allow C4 plants to suppress photorespiration?.
Answer: PEP carboxylase quickly converts CO2 into the 4-carbon molecule,
rapidly moving it to the bundle-sheath cell, where it can be converted back
to CO2- higher concentration of CO2 than O2- rubisco is more likely to bind
w/ CO2 (less likely to have photorespiration)
◍ why don't all plants use C4 photosynthesis?.
Answer: drawbacks/limitations- requires ATP to regenerate PEP- plants
need to live in sunny environments to keep rates of photosynthesis high
◍ xylem.
Answer: low resistance pathway for movement of water
◍ 3 parts of sponges.
Answer: 1. choanocytes2. mesohyl3. spicule
◍ how many germ layers do bilaterians have?.
Answer: 3
◍ mosses have a __________ dominant life cycle..
Answer: gametophyte
◍ companion cells.
Answer: phloem cells that surround sieve tube elements to aid in transport
◍ simple phylogenetic tree of animals.
Answer: closest animal relative = protist
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ echinoderms.
Answer: starfish, sea urchins- 5-fold symmetry- skeletons of calcite- water
vascular system
◍ animal.
Answer: a multicellular, heterotrophic (energy from other organisms)
eukaryote that forms a gastrula ring during development
◍ what does embryonic development depend on?.
Answer: 1. # of embryonic tissue layers2. opening of internal cavity
(blastopore)
◍ how many germ layers do cnidarians have?.
Answer: 2
◍ example of dermal tissue.
Answer: epidermis
◍ angiosperms have a __________ dominant life cycle..
Answer: sporophyte
◍ are bilaterians diploblastic or triploblastic?.
Answer: triploblastic
◍ in mosses, a diploid sporophyte undergoes __________ to produce
__________ spores..
Answer: meiosis, haploid
◍ T or F: CAM & C4 plants both produce 4-carbon organic acids as an entry
point for photosynthesis.
Answer: true
,◍ turgor pressure.
Answer: "osmotic pump"(pressure in plant cells caused by osmosis)-
increased pressure @ source (higher sugar concentration) causing water to
flow into the phloem from the xylem- decreased pressure @ sink (lower
sugar concentration) causing water to flow out of the phloem to the xylem
◍ 3 types of photosynthesis.
Answer: 1. C32. CAM3. C4
◍ endodermis.
Answer: allows roots to control which materials enter the xylem
◍ annelid worms.
Answer: - very diverse- half of all animal phyla(ex. earthworms, leeches,
polycheates, vestimentiferan worms)
◍ C3 plants.
Answer: plants that use the Calvin Cycle for the initial steps of
photosynthesis that incorporate CO2 into carbohydrates- no separation of
initial carbon fixation & Calvin Cycle- 85% of plants
◍ where does photosynthesis occur?.
Answer: leaf of a plant
◍ spicule.
Answer: small skeletal element
◍ how do plants sustain such high rates of water loss?.
Answer: by obtaining water from the soil
◍ what makes sugar flow through the phloem?.
Answer: differences in turgor pressure
◍ triploblastic.
Answer: having three germ layers- ectoderm - mesoderm - endoderm
◍ source.
Answer: where carbohydrates are being produced/stored(ex. leaves)
, ◍ mammals.
Answer: hair, mammary glands - placental mammals (ex. humans)-
marsupials (ex. kangaroos)- monotremes
◍ gametophyte.
Answer: haploid (1n) stage in the plant life cycle when the plant produces
gametes- develops from germinated haploid spores undergoing mitosis
◍ angiosperm.
Answer: flowering plant that produces seeds within a fruit
◍ how does PEP carboxylase allow C4 plants to suppress photorespiration?.
Answer: PEP carboxylase quickly converts CO2 into the 4-carbon molecule,
rapidly moving it to the bundle-sheath cell, where it can be converted back
to CO2- higher concentration of CO2 than O2- rubisco is more likely to bind
w/ CO2 (less likely to have photorespiration)
◍ why don't all plants use C4 photosynthesis?.
Answer: drawbacks/limitations- requires ATP to regenerate PEP- plants
need to live in sunny environments to keep rates of photosynthesis high
◍ xylem.
Answer: low resistance pathway for movement of water
◍ 3 parts of sponges.
Answer: 1. choanocytes2. mesohyl3. spicule
◍ how many germ layers do bilaterians have?.
Answer: 3
◍ mosses have a __________ dominant life cycle..
Answer: gametophyte
◍ companion cells.
Answer: phloem cells that surround sieve tube elements to aid in transport
◍ simple phylogenetic tree of animals.
Answer: closest animal relative = protist
