List the three layers of the heart muscle starting with the innermost layer. - ANSWER The
endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium
Name the four chambers and four valves in the heart. - ANSWER Right and left atria, right
and left ventricles, tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, mitral valve, aortic valve.
What is the function of the right side of the heart? What is the function of the left side of
the heart? - ANSWER The function of the right side of the heart is to receive the deoxy-
genated blood from the body tissues and to pump it to the lungs. The function of the left
side of the heart is to receive oxygenated blood from the lungs and to pump that blood out
to the body tissues.
Fill in the blanks (A through E) to complete the route of blood circulation starting and ending
with the inferior and superior vena cava.
Inferior and superior vena cava, (A), tricuspid valve, right ventricle, (B), pulmonary artery,
lungs, pulmonary vein, (C), (D), left ventricle, (E), aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillary bed,
venules, veins, superior and inferior vena cava. - ANSWER A-right atria, B-pulmonary
valve, C-left atria, D-mitral valve, E-aortic valve
What is the function of the capillary bed? - ANSWER The capillary bed consists of micro-
scopic blood vessels that deliver oxygen and nutrients to the cells and removes CO2 and
other waste products from the cells.
Describe the flow of electricity through the heart. Where does the electricity initiate? What
stimulates the contraction of the ventricles? - ANSWER The flow of electricity starts in
the sinoatrial node. It travels through the internodal pathway through the atria to the atrio-
ventricular node. From the AV node, it travels to the bundle of His and then into the two
bundle branches. The two bundle branches stimulate the ventricles to contract
1
, What is a pulse? Name 2 of the 7 common pulse sites. Describe the difference between the
systolic blood pressure and the diastolic blood pressure. - ANSWER A pulse is the rhyth-
mic wave in the wall of an artery that corresponds to the heartbeat. The common pulse sites
are the temporal, carotid, brachial, radial, femoral, popliteal, and dorsalis pedis. The systolic
blood pressure is the pressure when the heart contracts, and the blood is pumped against
the artery walls. The diastolic blood pressure is the pressure in the artery when the heart is
relaxed.
Name the structures in the airway that are responsible for trapping foreign bodies in the air
as it comes into the lungs. - ANSWER The mucous membranes in the nose are responsi-
ble for producing mucus that traps bacteria, dust, pollen, and other foreign bodies in the air
that is inhaled.
Trace the flow of air from the entry point in the nose to the alveoli in the lungs. - AN-
SWER Nose, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchi-
oles, alveoli.
What holds the trachea always open and why is that important? What structures in the tra-
chea prevent foreign bodies from entering the lungs? - ANSWER The trachea is held open
by cartilage, and this is important because the body constantly needs to breathe. The tra-
chea is lined with a mucous membrane that is covered with cilia that can trap small foreign
bodies in the trachea and can sweep them out of the windpipe.
What is the primary muscle responsible for breathing? Define inspiration and expiration. -
ANSWER The primary muscle that is responsible for breathing is the diaphragm. Inspira-
tion is the act of drawing air into the lungs when the diaphragm flattens and contracts. Expi-
ration is the act of pushing air out of the lungs as the diaphragm relaxes and rises.
Which part of the brain controls the respiratory rate? Be familiar with the common respira-
tory rate ranges for a newborn, adolescent, and adult. - ANSWER The pons and the me-
dulla oblongata control the respiratory rate. Table 5.4 shows the common respiratory rate
ranges for various age groups.
2
endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium
Name the four chambers and four valves in the heart. - ANSWER Right and left atria, right
and left ventricles, tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, mitral valve, aortic valve.
What is the function of the right side of the heart? What is the function of the left side of
the heart? - ANSWER The function of the right side of the heart is to receive the deoxy-
genated blood from the body tissues and to pump it to the lungs. The function of the left
side of the heart is to receive oxygenated blood from the lungs and to pump that blood out
to the body tissues.
Fill in the blanks (A through E) to complete the route of blood circulation starting and ending
with the inferior and superior vena cava.
Inferior and superior vena cava, (A), tricuspid valve, right ventricle, (B), pulmonary artery,
lungs, pulmonary vein, (C), (D), left ventricle, (E), aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillary bed,
venules, veins, superior and inferior vena cava. - ANSWER A-right atria, B-pulmonary
valve, C-left atria, D-mitral valve, E-aortic valve
What is the function of the capillary bed? - ANSWER The capillary bed consists of micro-
scopic blood vessels that deliver oxygen and nutrients to the cells and removes CO2 and
other waste products from the cells.
Describe the flow of electricity through the heart. Where does the electricity initiate? What
stimulates the contraction of the ventricles? - ANSWER The flow of electricity starts in
the sinoatrial node. It travels through the internodal pathway through the atria to the atrio-
ventricular node. From the AV node, it travels to the bundle of His and then into the two
bundle branches. The two bundle branches stimulate the ventricles to contract
1
, What is a pulse? Name 2 of the 7 common pulse sites. Describe the difference between the
systolic blood pressure and the diastolic blood pressure. - ANSWER A pulse is the rhyth-
mic wave in the wall of an artery that corresponds to the heartbeat. The common pulse sites
are the temporal, carotid, brachial, radial, femoral, popliteal, and dorsalis pedis. The systolic
blood pressure is the pressure when the heart contracts, and the blood is pumped against
the artery walls. The diastolic blood pressure is the pressure in the artery when the heart is
relaxed.
Name the structures in the airway that are responsible for trapping foreign bodies in the air
as it comes into the lungs. - ANSWER The mucous membranes in the nose are responsi-
ble for producing mucus that traps bacteria, dust, pollen, and other foreign bodies in the air
that is inhaled.
Trace the flow of air from the entry point in the nose to the alveoli in the lungs. - AN-
SWER Nose, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchi-
oles, alveoli.
What holds the trachea always open and why is that important? What structures in the tra-
chea prevent foreign bodies from entering the lungs? - ANSWER The trachea is held open
by cartilage, and this is important because the body constantly needs to breathe. The tra-
chea is lined with a mucous membrane that is covered with cilia that can trap small foreign
bodies in the trachea and can sweep them out of the windpipe.
What is the primary muscle responsible for breathing? Define inspiration and expiration. -
ANSWER The primary muscle that is responsible for breathing is the diaphragm. Inspira-
tion is the act of drawing air into the lungs when the diaphragm flattens and contracts. Expi-
ration is the act of pushing air out of the lungs as the diaphragm relaxes and rises.
Which part of the brain controls the respiratory rate? Be familiar with the common respira-
tory rate ranges for a newborn, adolescent, and adult. - ANSWER The pons and the me-
dulla oblongata control the respiratory rate. Table 5.4 shows the common respiratory rate
ranges for various age groups.
2
