ESL FINAL PAPER 2026 CERTIFICATION
EVALUATION QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
●● Morphology.
Answer: Units of meaning involved in word formation
●● Syntax.
Answer: Rules for combining words into grammatically sensible
sentences
●● Semantics.
Answer: Set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes,
words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning
●● Pragmatics.
Answer: Appropriate use of language in different contexts; social use of
language
●● What are two examples of critical components for the second
language learner?.
Answer: Oral language development and phonological/phonemic
awareness
,●● ELLs need ____________________ of L2 before they can make
connections between letter and sound..
Answer: Phonology
●● ___________________ awareness instruction focuses on the sounds
in spoken language. It is auditory and does not involve print..
Answer: Phonological
●● Target Sound.
Answer: Sound to be transcribed
●● An English language learner is experiencing difficulty with an aspect
of English phonology. In order to address a difficulty in this area, the
student's teacher should initially focus instruction on what?.
Answer: The associated target sound
●● Phoneme.
Answer: The smallest distinctive sound unit
●● What are some best practices strategies to promote literacy
development for ELLs?.
Answer: Teach phonics in context
,Use hands on activities to help teach letter-sound relationships
Have students write for sound
Help students make a connection between their L1 and English.
●● The approach of teachers making students see them writing down
their exact words to reinforce their understanding of the relationship
between written and oral language trains students to...?.
Answer: Write for sound - they learn to represent words phonetically in
their writing
●● Content Based Instruction + 3 Models.
Answer: CBI: requires students to practice language skills in a highly
integrated, communicative way while learning content
3 Models:
1) theme-based - language skills are integrated in the study of themes or
broad topics
2) adjunct - language and content courses are taught separately but
closely coordinated
3) sheltered - English is simplified to ELL's level of proficiency while
teaching content
●● Why is combining sentences to make complex sentences an
important exercise to help ESL students advance in their writing
abilities?.
, Answer: Most of the sentences used in writing or in continuous speech
are complex.
●● Literal comprehension.
Answer: Understanding of the basic facts that the student has read;
grasping and interpreting text
●● Inferential comprehension.
Answer: Understanding of information that isn't explicitly given, but
rather implied in a written passage. (make predictions); make inferences
●● What are sentence stems and why are they used?.
Answer: Sentence starters followed by blank lines.
Provide scaffolding to help students get started in speaking or writing
without the added pressure of thinking about how to correctly formulate
a response.
Academic language and sentence structure is difficult for ELLs. Stems
help with proper sentence structure. They help build an understanding of
syntactic structure
●● Decoding.
Answer: Reader's ability to use knowledge of the relationships between
letters in print and the speech sounds they represent in order to identify
an unfamiliar word.
EVALUATION QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
●● Morphology.
Answer: Units of meaning involved in word formation
●● Syntax.
Answer: Rules for combining words into grammatically sensible
sentences
●● Semantics.
Answer: Set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes,
words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning
●● Pragmatics.
Answer: Appropriate use of language in different contexts; social use of
language
●● What are two examples of critical components for the second
language learner?.
Answer: Oral language development and phonological/phonemic
awareness
,●● ELLs need ____________________ of L2 before they can make
connections between letter and sound..
Answer: Phonology
●● ___________________ awareness instruction focuses on the sounds
in spoken language. It is auditory and does not involve print..
Answer: Phonological
●● Target Sound.
Answer: Sound to be transcribed
●● An English language learner is experiencing difficulty with an aspect
of English phonology. In order to address a difficulty in this area, the
student's teacher should initially focus instruction on what?.
Answer: The associated target sound
●● Phoneme.
Answer: The smallest distinctive sound unit
●● What are some best practices strategies to promote literacy
development for ELLs?.
Answer: Teach phonics in context
,Use hands on activities to help teach letter-sound relationships
Have students write for sound
Help students make a connection between their L1 and English.
●● The approach of teachers making students see them writing down
their exact words to reinforce their understanding of the relationship
between written and oral language trains students to...?.
Answer: Write for sound - they learn to represent words phonetically in
their writing
●● Content Based Instruction + 3 Models.
Answer: CBI: requires students to practice language skills in a highly
integrated, communicative way while learning content
3 Models:
1) theme-based - language skills are integrated in the study of themes or
broad topics
2) adjunct - language and content courses are taught separately but
closely coordinated
3) sheltered - English is simplified to ELL's level of proficiency while
teaching content
●● Why is combining sentences to make complex sentences an
important exercise to help ESL students advance in their writing
abilities?.
, Answer: Most of the sentences used in writing or in continuous speech
are complex.
●● Literal comprehension.
Answer: Understanding of the basic facts that the student has read;
grasping and interpreting text
●● Inferential comprehension.
Answer: Understanding of information that isn't explicitly given, but
rather implied in a written passage. (make predictions); make inferences
●● What are sentence stems and why are they used?.
Answer: Sentence starters followed by blank lines.
Provide scaffolding to help students get started in speaking or writing
without the added pressure of thinking about how to correctly formulate
a response.
Academic language and sentence structure is difficult for ELLs. Stems
help with proper sentence structure. They help build an understanding of
syntactic structure
●● Decoding.
Answer: Reader's ability to use knowledge of the relationships between
letters in print and the speech sounds they represent in order to identify
an unfamiliar word.
