Chemical principles overview Complete
2026–2027 Exam Preparation Guide:
Updated Question Bank, Explained
Solutions, Concept Review & Effective Study
Strategies
Description
The Complete 2026–2027 Exam Preparation Guide is a
structured and reliable resource developed to support
students in achieving better academic outcomes through
focused practice, clear explanations, and organized
revision.
This guide is designed to bridge the gap between learning
concepts and applying them in exams. By combining a
wide range of practice questions with clearly explained
solutions, it helps students understand not only the correct
answers but also the methods required to solve similar
problems independently.
plasma - ANSWER✅gas with charged particles, very high Temperature, more energy
than gases
,Bose-einstein condensate - ANSWER✅form at absolute zero, all particles behave
identically
sublimation - ANSWER✅solid to gas (endothermic)
gas to solid - ANSWER✅condensation/deposition
what's boiling point - ANSWER✅when vapour pressure liquid = external pressure on
liquid
when temperature increase vapour pressure increases until reach atmospheric pressure
at which bubbles of vapour form within liquid
normal bp at 1 atm
heat of vaporisation - ANSWER✅heat to boil 1 mol of pure substance. energy
overcome intermolecular forces
bp vs mp - ANSWER✅unlike boiling point, melting point only affected significantly by
large pressure changes that's why on phase diagram line is very vertical
phase diagram bend on solid liquid curve - ANSWER✅liquid more dense then solid
curve leans slightly left causing mp decrease with P
liquid less dense then solid curve leans slightly right causing mp to increase with P
gas/ solid line on phase diagram - ANSWER✅need significant deltaT for P to increase
Tcrit - ANSWER✅temperature of which temperature above liquid state of substance
no longer exists regardless of pressure
ionic - ANSWER✅metals lose and non-metals gain electrons. very different
electronegativity.
high mp, pack to maximise interactions
Nacl, MgO, CaF2
covalent - ANSWER✅non metallic structure similar electronegativity, not good
conductors, non polar share equally, polar have a difference in electronegativity cause
delta + and delta - charge (permanent dipoles) eg H20
O2, CO2, SiC
metallic properties - ANSWER✅lustrous (shiny), very high mp properties from sea of
delocalised electrons
density as increase T - ANSWER✅independent for solid and liquids
, specific volume - ANSWER✅inverse of density (conversion factor), volume/unit mass
m3/kg
relationship between Volume and temp change - ANSWER✅V1/T1=V2/T2
relationship between Volume and pressure change - ANSWER✅P1V1=P2V2
fixed T and P for gas on moles - ANSWER✅v proportional to moles so
%volume=%moles
equilibrium shifts right on alpha - ANSWER✅alpha increases
volume increases with reaction equiliribiu if rise and drop In P - ANSWER✅rise in P
equilibrium goes left
drop in P equilibrium goes right
intra/ intermolecular - ANSWER✅intra within singular molecule and inter between
molecules
non-covalent mean - ANSWER✅no formal sharing of electrons
repulsion forces originate from - ANSWER✅wave functions of atoms/molecules,
fluctuation of electron clouds around give repulsion. sometimes 2 clouds may repel
other times not
no pairwise additive in - ANSWER✅induced charges
intermolecular forces strongest first - ANSWER✅charge charge
charge dipole
dipole dipole
charge induced dipole
dipole induced dipole
charge charge - ANSWER✅non directional (rotation not change), E proportional to 1/r,
pairwise additive, electrostatic
charge -dipole - ANSWER✅anion/cation with polar molecule, directional (rotate
repulse) Na+ with H2O, coordinative bonds, E proportional to 1/r^2, pairwise additive
dipole- dipole - ANSWER✅directional, E proportional to 1/r^3, as number increases
dependence on distance increases, pairwise additive, strong in solid as fixed, weak In
solution
2026–2027 Exam Preparation Guide:
Updated Question Bank, Explained
Solutions, Concept Review & Effective Study
Strategies
Description
The Complete 2026–2027 Exam Preparation Guide is a
structured and reliable resource developed to support
students in achieving better academic outcomes through
focused practice, clear explanations, and organized
revision.
This guide is designed to bridge the gap between learning
concepts and applying them in exams. By combining a
wide range of practice questions with clearly explained
solutions, it helps students understand not only the correct
answers but also the methods required to solve similar
problems independently.
plasma - ANSWER✅gas with charged particles, very high Temperature, more energy
than gases
,Bose-einstein condensate - ANSWER✅form at absolute zero, all particles behave
identically
sublimation - ANSWER✅solid to gas (endothermic)
gas to solid - ANSWER✅condensation/deposition
what's boiling point - ANSWER✅when vapour pressure liquid = external pressure on
liquid
when temperature increase vapour pressure increases until reach atmospheric pressure
at which bubbles of vapour form within liquid
normal bp at 1 atm
heat of vaporisation - ANSWER✅heat to boil 1 mol of pure substance. energy
overcome intermolecular forces
bp vs mp - ANSWER✅unlike boiling point, melting point only affected significantly by
large pressure changes that's why on phase diagram line is very vertical
phase diagram bend on solid liquid curve - ANSWER✅liquid more dense then solid
curve leans slightly left causing mp decrease with P
liquid less dense then solid curve leans slightly right causing mp to increase with P
gas/ solid line on phase diagram - ANSWER✅need significant deltaT for P to increase
Tcrit - ANSWER✅temperature of which temperature above liquid state of substance
no longer exists regardless of pressure
ionic - ANSWER✅metals lose and non-metals gain electrons. very different
electronegativity.
high mp, pack to maximise interactions
Nacl, MgO, CaF2
covalent - ANSWER✅non metallic structure similar electronegativity, not good
conductors, non polar share equally, polar have a difference in electronegativity cause
delta + and delta - charge (permanent dipoles) eg H20
O2, CO2, SiC
metallic properties - ANSWER✅lustrous (shiny), very high mp properties from sea of
delocalised electrons
density as increase T - ANSWER✅independent for solid and liquids
, specific volume - ANSWER✅inverse of density (conversion factor), volume/unit mass
m3/kg
relationship between Volume and temp change - ANSWER✅V1/T1=V2/T2
relationship between Volume and pressure change - ANSWER✅P1V1=P2V2
fixed T and P for gas on moles - ANSWER✅v proportional to moles so
%volume=%moles
equilibrium shifts right on alpha - ANSWER✅alpha increases
volume increases with reaction equiliribiu if rise and drop In P - ANSWER✅rise in P
equilibrium goes left
drop in P equilibrium goes right
intra/ intermolecular - ANSWER✅intra within singular molecule and inter between
molecules
non-covalent mean - ANSWER✅no formal sharing of electrons
repulsion forces originate from - ANSWER✅wave functions of atoms/molecules,
fluctuation of electron clouds around give repulsion. sometimes 2 clouds may repel
other times not
no pairwise additive in - ANSWER✅induced charges
intermolecular forces strongest first - ANSWER✅charge charge
charge dipole
dipole dipole
charge induced dipole
dipole induced dipole
charge charge - ANSWER✅non directional (rotation not change), E proportional to 1/r,
pairwise additive, electrostatic
charge -dipole - ANSWER✅anion/cation with polar molecule, directional (rotate
repulse) Na+ with H2O, coordinative bonds, E proportional to 1/r^2, pairwise additive
dipole- dipole - ANSWER✅directional, E proportional to 1/r^3, as number increases
dependence on distance increases, pairwise additive, strong in solid as fixed, weak In
solution
