Updated ANSC 3010 Final Examination Prep 2026/2027 – Accurate Questions and Step-by-Step Answer Explanations || 100% GUARANTEED PASS NEWEST VERSION

This agency can be used by Congress to override the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act when needed - - ANSWER USDA True or False: Labeling is required for all commercial feed products - - ANSWER True What does AAFCO stand for and what do they do? - - ANSWER Association of American Feed Control Officials, voluntary membership association which regulates the sale and distribution of animal feeds and animal drug remedies What are the three main goals of AAFCO? - - ANSWER Safeguarding the health of animals and humans, ensure consumer protection, and providing a level playing field of orderly commerce for the animal feed industry By law, feed labels must include what things? - - ANSWER Net weight, company brand or trade names, product name, purpose statement, warning/caution statement, active drug ingredients, guaranteed analysis, feed ingredients, company name and address, and detailed use directions When NPN is used, what must be included on the label? - - ANSWER Maximum percentage If formulation exceeds ___ crude protein as NPN, or ___ of total CP, the label must give directions for safe usage - - ANSWER 8.75%, 1/3 What is the goal of ration balancing? - - ANSWER To offset the animal's requirements with an appropriate level of feed nutrients When rations are "out of balance," what consequences can occur? - - ANSWER Economic and animal welfare issues What are the main nutritional goals which diet formulators strive for? - - ANSWER Maximum production, maintenance of body weight & condition, heath & longevity, and ability to sustain work or athletic performance Nutrient requirements are described in what two ways? - - ANSWER Nutrient concentration or density, or amount of nutrient required daily What does the term ad libitum mean? - - ANSWER Animals may consume all the feed they desire When feed is offered ad libitum, how much do animals eat? - - ANSWER Enough to meet their dietary energy requirements To balance rations for market animals, what is the most common? - - ANSWER Nutrient concentration Rations are typically balanced on a ___ basis - - ANSWER Dry matter To convert dry matter to as fed... - - ANSWER Divide by the percent decimal To convert as fed to dry matter... - - ANSWER Multiply by the percent decimal What is a mixed ration formula? - - ANSWER Dry matter composition converted to an "as fed" formula What method is used for balancing on nutrient using two feeds? - - ANSWER Pearson's Square What is the crop used for in poultry? - - ANSWER Short term storage Urine and feces in a chicken are excreted through the? - - ANSWER Vent Why are chickens so efficient at converting feed to gain? - - ANSWER The intestine is short and the rate of passage of feed is about 2 hours For poultry, energy is expressed in terms of...? - - ANSWER Metabolizable energy Why are some nutrient requirements different throughout a poultry species? - - ANSWER Based on production purposes, i.e. broilers vs. layers How is metabolizable energy defined? - - ANSWER Intake energy that does not appear in the feces, urine or gases Why do we use metabolizable energy in poultry, but not other species? - - ANSWER Their urine and feces cannot be separated Other than nutrient density and needs, what other factors affect feed intake? - - ANSWER Water availability, nutrient deficiency, physical capacity, and environment ___ are principle energy sources for poultry - - ANSWER Cereal grains What nutrient is routinely added to diets for poultry, and what is the main reason? - - ANSWER Fats, to increase dietary energy What advantages does adding fat to poultry feed have? - - ANSWER Decreases dustiness, increases palatability, and decreases machinery wear An amino acid that is deficient in the diet and that is limiting production is known as? - - ANSWER A limiting amino acid What does protein quality refer to? - - ANSWER The pattern of amino acids and not the quantity protein Excess nitrogen in poultry is excreted as? - - ANSWER Uric acid What are the first limiting non-essential amino acids in poultry? - - ANSWER Glycine and serine Feathers have a high concentration of which amino acid? - - ANSWER Cystine ___ is the first limiting amino acid in corn soybean-meal based diets for poultry - - ANSWER Methionine Which two amino acids are sulfur-containing? - - ANSWER Cystine and methionine If a hen is laying mottled, brown, or even greenish yolks, what should we look for in the diet? - - ANSWER Gossypol-containing feeds What is the calcium requirement for broilers? - - ANSWER 1% of the diet What is the calcium requirement for layers? - - ANSWER 4% of the diet Calcium carbonate is a large component of what? - - ANSWER Egg shells What is the main reason for phosphorous supplementation? - - ANSWER 70% of P in grain is attached to phytate and cannot be digested unless separated What feed additive compound is used for animals to exhibit more phosphorous absorption? - - ANSWER Phytase The most widely used feed enzyme in the world is? - - ANSWER Phytase Phosphorous is the number ___ most expensive nutrient - - ANSWER 3 What are the three most commonly used inorganic phosphorous sources? - - ANSWER Monocalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, and deflourinated rock phosphate Which micro minerals are used in the diet as a trace mineral premix? - - ANSWER Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe, I, and Se Why must we be careful when adding copper to poultry diets? - - ANSWER It is toxic to ruminants Which form of vitamin D can poultry not utilize efficiently? - - ANSWER D2 What two types of drinkers are used in poultry production? - - ANSWER Nipple waterers and bell waterers For every nipple waterer, how many birds should there be? - - ANSWER 10 Which two minerals can be high in poultry diets as a growth promotant? - - ANSWER Copper and zinc Why are xanthophylls used in poultry diets? - - ANSWER To brighten colors of yolks True or False: Hormones can be fed to chickens - - ANSWER False!! Poultry diets will contain a ___, an anti-disease agent - - ANSWER Coccidiostat What is the most costly disease in the poultry industry? - - ANSWER Coccidiosis What is special about BMD? - - ANSWER It is a non-medically important poultry antibiotic What are some examples of xanthophylls fed to poultry? - - ANSWER Marigold petal meal, corn, alfalfa In poultry, diets are fed in ___ - - ANSWER Stages Mineral and amino acid requirements (increase/decrease) with age - - ANSWER Decrease What are the advantages of pelleting for poultry? - - ANSWER Increases feed efficiency and ADG, increases digestibility of proteins and energy The maximum allowed amount of DDGS in poultry diets is? - - ANSWER 7.5% What are NSPs? - - ANSWER Non-starch polysaccharides Which feed contains beta glucans? - - ANSWER Barley If fed too much NSP, what happens? - - ANSWER Wet and stick droppings and reduced growth rates What can break down non-starch polysaccharides? - - ANSWER Enzymes Avizyme is a combination of what? - - ANSWER Protease, amylase, and xylanase What does AGP stand for? - - ANSWER Antibiotic Growth Promotor Layers are fed in which form? - - ANSWER Mash At about 70 weeks of age, what happens to a layer? - - ANSWER Molt, where egg production stops and feathers are lost When do hens start to lay? - - ANSWER 18 to 20 weeks of age What is a commonly used calcium source in poultry diets? - - ANSWER Limestone Ca:P ratio in layers should be what? - - ANSWER 10:1 What are the feed phases in layers? - - ANSWER Starter, grower, developer, layer Do turkeys have a higher or lower protein requirement than chickens? - - ANSWER Higher Market hogs have gone from "fat" to "lean." How has this occurred? - - ANSWER Genetics Which state is the top in swine production? - - ANSWER Iowa 5 states represent ___ of total U.S. swine production - - ANSWER 2/3 What are the three basic types of swine operations? - - ANSWER Farrow to finish, farrow to wean, and finishing Generally, how much of total production cost is feed in swine? - - ANSWER 60 to 75% What is the main protein supplement of pigs? - - ANSWER Soybean meal What effects does limited water intake have on swine? - - ANSWER Decreased growth rate, reduced feed intake, poor feed efficiency, reduced milk production in sows Why does protein deposition require large amounts of water? - - ANSWER Muscle is ~70% water Energy requirements of pigs are most common expressed as? - - ANSWER Digestible energy and net energy If the pig doesn't consume enough energy to cover its maintenance needs, what will it use as an energy source? - - ANSWER Amino acids in protein Nursing pigs get most of their energy from? - - ANSWER Milk fat and milk sugar Growing pigs get most of their energy from? - - ANSWER Starch in cereal grains What enzymes do baby pigs lack, and what does this do? - - ANSWER Amylase and maltase; they are unable to utilize starch without them Which metabolizable energy requirement is larger, that of a pregnant sow or that of a lactating sow? - - ANSWER Lactating What is the target market weight of a pig? - - ANSWER 280 lbs How will high levels of fibrous feedstuffs affect the carcass? - - ANSWER It will be leaner What is the first limiting amino acid for swine? - - ANSWER Lysine Why is SBM added to pig diets? - - ANSWER Corn is deficient in 8 of 10 essential amino acids, so it is provided to ensure adequate amounts to amino acids When being fed a corn and soybean meal diet, swine diets are formulated on what basis? - - ANSWER Crude protein What is ileal digestibility? - - ANSWER The disappearance of the amino acids at the end of the small intestine The most widely used method to formulate diets and estimate amino acid digestibility is? - - ANSWER Standard Ileal Digestibility Amino acid antagonism occurs when there is an excess of an individual amino acid. What does this term refer to? - - ANSWER One amino acid may interfere with the absorption of another What is a normal ratio of Ca:P in swine? - - ANSWER 1:1 to 1.25:1 Other than phosphorous, what else does phytate bind? - - ANSWER Calcium and zinc Which nutrient is always deficient in young pigs? - - ANSWER Iron How are iron deficiencies in swine treated? - - ANSWER Intramuscular shots by 3 days of age Low selenium diets in swine is associated with what problem? - - ANSWER Hepatosa dietetica, or liver necrosis Which vitamin has been shown to improve litter size in sows? - - ANSWER Choline reproductive performance in sows is improved when ____ are supplemented - - ANSWER Biotin and folic acid How is vitamin A added to pig diets? - - ANSWER At at least 2-3 times the requirement Which vitamin is essentially absent from most feedstuffs fed to pigs? - - ANSWER Vitamin D 60 to 90% of swine diets have what primary ingredient? - - ANSWER Feed grains What are the two most common grains fed to swine? - - ANSWER Corn and milo This feedstuff is high in fiber and too much in the diet can lead to a soft carcass - - ANSWER Distiller's grains Why are distiller's grains lower in carbohydrates than corn? - - ANSWER Microbes exhibit fermentation, in which they are using carbohydrates for energy Antimicrobials agents have the greatest response in which animals? - - ANSWER Young or stressed What kind of product is Paylean? - - ANSWER A beta-agonist What does Paylean do? - - ANSWER Speeds up the rate at which body fat is burned and decreases fat deposition - burns fat, builds muscle Paylean is fed for the last ___ pounds prior to slaughter - - ANSWER 45 to 90 When does weaning occur in pigs? - - ANSWER 18 to 21 days of age When is early weaning, and why can it be detrimental? - - ANSWER 12 to 14 days, can have problems with intake or disease susceptibility How many phases do we have for baby pig diets? - - ANSWER 3 to 4 Phase I of nursery pig feeding is high in which feeds? - - ANSWER Milk and/or animal products What is the purpose of sodium bentonite? - - ANSWER To bind toxins Which of the nursery phases in swine feeding would be the most expensive? Why? - - ANSWER Phase I, because animal sources are more expensive than plant sources Why is split sex feeding preferred in swine? - - ANSWER Gilts and barrows have very different nutrient and energy requirements How can overfeeding impact gestating pigs? - - ANSWER May reduce litter size, could decrease milk production, and cause dystocia How can underfeeding impact gestating pigs? - - ANSWER Results in small piglet with low birth weights, decreased milk production, and impaired rebreeding How is optimum energy intake ensured for lactating sows? - - ANSWER Energy dense diets with added fats When do swine reach puberty? - - ANSWER 200 to 220 days of age What is the NRC? - - ANSWER National Research Council What does BMD stand for? - - ANSWER Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate What four things do feed additives provide? - - ANSWER Improved efficiency of feed utilization, improved feed acceptance, benefit the health of an animal, and benefit the metabolism of an animal What process must feed additives go through to be used? - - ANSWER Approval by the Food and Drug Administration GRAS stands for... - - ANSWER Generally Recognized as Safe This term refers to expected performance changes - - ANSWER Feed additive response What is the guideline that determines feed additives to be economical? - - ANSWER If the additive returns 2 dollars per every dollar spent Feed additives which are used for feed stability, feed manufacturing and properties of feed include... - - ANSWER Antifungals, antioxidants, and pellet binders Feed flavors, phytase, and buffers are used for what purposes? - - ANSWER To modify animal growth, feed efficiency, metabolism and performance Ionophore antibiotics are produced by? - - ANSWER Streptomycin sp. Why are ionophores able to be added to feed if antibiotics are not allowed? - - ANSWER They are not used in human medicine Ionophores control which disease? - - ANSWER Coccidiosis What actions do ionophores have? - - ANSWER Alter the rumen microbe population, decreases methane production and lactic acid production, decreases rumen protein degradation What benefits do ionophores have? - - ANSWER Improves energy metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, feed efficiency, rate of gain or milk production, reduces bloat and acidosis Which ionophore did DW's grad student add to calf replacer to prevent coccidiosis? - - ANSWER Bovatec Which ionophore is approved for use in dairy cattle? - - ANSWER Rumensin Probiotics are in which category of feed additives? - - ANSWER Direct Fed Microbials (DFM) These are called the "natural alternative to antibiotics" - - ANSWER Probiotics How do probiotics benefit an animal? - - ANSWER Improves its gastrointestinal microbial balance Other than probiotics, direct fed microbials can also include? - - ANSWER Yeast What is the main effect of yeast cultures? - - ANSWER To stabilize the rumen environment Short polymers of fructose, mannose, and galactose are also known as? - - ANSWER Oligosaccharides What is the theory behind what oligosaccharides do in the body? - - ANSWER They modify gut microbes and stimulate the intestinal immune system What is the mode of action of oligosaccharides? - - ANSWER Bind to receptor sites on pathogenic bacteria and keep the bacteria from binding to the mucosa Oligosaccharides are also called? - - ANSWER Prebiotics What do oligosaccharides provide in animal performance improvement? - - ANSWER Not much What are some examples of acidifiers? - - ANSWER Citric and fumaric acids What effects do acidifiers have on the body? - - ANSWER Improve clot formation, maintain abysmal pH, improves feed efficiency in weanling pigs Poloxalene is an example of what kind of feed additive? - - ANSWER Antibloating agents How are hormone and hormonelike products used in the feed industry? - - ANSWER They are not; not permitted by law! What is the only hormone-like product permitted in the U.S.? - - ANSWER Melengesterol acetate (MGA) MGA is a synthetic ___ that resembles ___ in structure - - ANSWER Steroid, progesterone What is rBST used for? - - ANSWER Increased milk production What does the VFD dictate? - - ANSWER Antibiotics are to only be used under the supervision of a licensed veterinarian A number of animal feed ingredients are the coproduces of production systems. What does this mean? - - ANSWER They are byproducts from production - originally, the feed ingredients were designed to yield something else, and these are the leftovers How are liquid protein supplements defined? - - ANSWER Any product suitable for animal feeding that consists of a liquid vehicle and one or more additives What is typically the liquid vehicle for liquid protein supplements? - - ANSWER Molasses The most common additive in liquid supplement is...? - - ANSWER A source of NPN, such as urea Why are liquid protein supplements only fed to ruminants? - - ANSWER They are extremely high in NPN What is the regulatory agency governing commercial animal feeds? - - ANSWER The FDA Which act establishes the FDA as the regulatory agency governing commercial animal feeds? - - ANSWER The Food Drug and Cosmetic Act Which act was signed into law by President Obama on January 4th, 2011? - - ANSWER The Food Safety Modernization Act The most sweeping reform of our food safety laws in more than 70 years, the ____, does what? - - ANSWER Food Safety Modernization Act; ensures the U.S. food supply is safe by shifting focus from responding to contamination to preventing it What is the limit on Selenium in most domestic species? - - ANSWER 0.3 ppm