PER- 510: Physiology 1
Ch. 3 Outline
DNA →(transcription)→ RNA →(translation)→ Polypeptides (proteins) = structural / enzymes
Nucleic Acids
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Monomers = nucleotides (3 parts)
Pentose sugar- ribose or deoxyribose
Phosphate
Nitrogen base- adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), cytosine (C), uracil (U)
Base pairing rules:
DNA- A-T, C-G
RNA- A-U, C-G
DNA- occurs in several forms
S
B form “Classical” = most common = Watson-Crick-Franklin model
Anti-parallel double helix
different
A form = thicker, less distance between bases
-
Sugars
RNA
-
U in
Z form = left handed double helix
H form = triplex (3 strands) – T to A-T or C to C-G
Cruciform = loops back on itself to form a cross shape
G4 (G quadruplex) = G tetrad or G quartet = folds back on itself in patterns of 4 guanine bases
I (Intercalated) motifs = folds back on itself due to interaction of cytosine
RNA- also occurs in multiple forms, usually single stranded
mRNA- messenger- copy of DNA template dictates the order of amino acids for polypeptides
rRNA- ribosomal- globular form which along with proteins makes up ribosomes
tRNA- transfer- “t” shaped strands contain anti-codon region which matches specific A.A. (20)
*Additional types of RNA exist, playing various roles in gene expression
Transcription- process by which an RNA copy is created from a DNA template (step 1 of gene expression)
3 stages- initiation → elongation → termination
Ch. 3 Outline
DNA →(transcription)→ RNA →(translation)→ Polypeptides (proteins) = structural / enzymes
Nucleic Acids
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Monomers = nucleotides (3 parts)
Pentose sugar- ribose or deoxyribose
Phosphate
Nitrogen base- adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), cytosine (C), uracil (U)
Base pairing rules:
DNA- A-T, C-G
RNA- A-U, C-G
DNA- occurs in several forms
S
B form “Classical” = most common = Watson-Crick-Franklin model
Anti-parallel double helix
different
A form = thicker, less distance between bases
-
Sugars
RNA
-
U in
Z form = left handed double helix
H form = triplex (3 strands) – T to A-T or C to C-G
Cruciform = loops back on itself to form a cross shape
G4 (G quadruplex) = G tetrad or G quartet = folds back on itself in patterns of 4 guanine bases
I (Intercalated) motifs = folds back on itself due to interaction of cytosine
RNA- also occurs in multiple forms, usually single stranded
mRNA- messenger- copy of DNA template dictates the order of amino acids for polypeptides
rRNA- ribosomal- globular form which along with proteins makes up ribosomes
tRNA- transfer- “t” shaped strands contain anti-codon region which matches specific A.A. (20)
*Additional types of RNA exist, playing various roles in gene expression
Transcription- process by which an RNA copy is created from a DNA template (step 1 of gene expression)
3 stages- initiation → elongation → termination
