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The Near East - CORRECTANSWER Comprised the Tigris & Euphrates Valley, the Fertile Crescent,
and The Nile Valley. They had the first system of independent states and writing. Architectural
achievements are the ziggurat & pyramid. the first codification of law. the first lasting
monotheism.
The Summarians - CORRECTANSWER creators of the Mesopotamia civiliztion. Large scale
irrigation projects, advanced system of mathematics and the invention of the wheel.
Ziggurat - CORRECTANSWER a rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the
ancient Assyrians and Babylonians and was the center of community life.
The Babalonians - CORRECTANSWER The Hitties, the Assyrians, Chaldeans, and the Phoenicians.
Centralized Government and advancements in algebra and geometry.
,The Code of Hammurabi - CORRECTANSWER a collection of laws covering crimes, farming,
business activities, and marriage and family. Many of the punishments were cruel, but the code
was an important step in the development of a justice system
The Hittites - CORRECTANSWER 2000-1200 B.C. conquered much of Asia Minor & northern
Mesopotamia; a major contribution included the invention of iron smelting, which
revolutionized warfare.
The Assyrians - CORRECTANSWER created an empire based on military superiority, conquest,
and terrorism (911-550 B.C.) -Military techniques included siege warfare, intimidation, and the
use of iron weapons. Created a centralized government, a postal service, an extensive library,
and a system of highways.
The Chaldeans - CORRECTANSWER Established the new Babylonian Empire under
Nebuchadnezzar (605-538 B.C.)-Conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine Developed
astrology, astronomy, advanced government bureaucracy, and architectural achievements such
as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
The Persians - CORRECTANSWER -Attempted to unify the entire Near East under one rule (500s
B.C.)
-Established an international government
-Zoroastrianism, an ethical religion based on concepts of good and evil
-Failed to conquer the Greeks; Persia was eventually conquered by Alexander the Great (334-
331 B.C.)
The Phoenicians - CORRECTANSWER -Became the first explorers, traders, and colonizers of the
ancient world; their civilization reached its peak in 1000 B.C.
-Greatest seafaring civilization in the ancient world
, -Developed extensive trade networks throughout the Mediterranean and set up distant trade
networks and trading colonies such as Tyre and Sidon
-Invented the first true alphabet
-Dominated the Mediterranean commerce and exported manufactured glass and purple dye
(royal purple)
The Lydians - CORRECTANSWER -Occupied western Asia Minor (500s B.C.)
-Their culture reached its zenith under King Croesus (Golden King)
-Were responsible for the first coinage of money
The Israelites - CORRECTANSWER -Established the first lasting monotheism
-Saul established the first kingdom in Palestine (c. 1030-1010 B.C.)
-After the death of Solomon (922 B.C.), the Hebrews were divided into two kingdoms (Israel and
Judah)
-Disunity and conquest resulted in the destruction of Israel (722 B.C.) and Judah (586 B.C.)
-The revolt of the Israelites against Rome resulted in the destruction of Jerusalem (A.D. 70) and
the forced dispersal of the Jews from Palestine (Jewish Diaspora, c. A.D. 132-135)
The Egyptians - CORRECTANSWER establishe a civiliztion in the Nile Valley.
Egyptian History - CORRECTANSWER Old Kingdom (massive pyramids)
Middle kingdom
New kingdom (gets agressive)
Egyptian Religion - CORRECTANSWER They were polytheistic worshiping over 2,000 gods and
goddesses. They believed in the afterlife and that they would be judged for their life. They had
sacred burials. Ruled by Pharoahs.