NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE 2024 FINAL
EXAM 1 AND 2 MODULE 1-10
tissue hypoxia - CORRECT ANSWER>>>most often caused by
ischemia; causes power failure in the cell
ischemia - CORRECT ANSWER>>>- most common cause of cell
injury and injures cells faster than hypoxia alone
- poor blood flow / combination of disruption of oxygen supply with
accumulation of metabolic waste
types of reversible cellular injuries - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>cellular accumulations, cellular adaptation
types of irreversible cellular injuries - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>necrosis, apoptosis, cellular injury
what causes ischemia and hypoxic injury - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>- nutritional deficiencies
- infectious and immunologic responses
- chemical injuries
- physical and mechanical injuries
,- radiation induced injuries (marie curie)
how ischemia causes cells to swell - CORRECT ANSWER>>>-
ATP production decreases
- Many sodium ions move into the cell ; fewer potassium ions
move out of the cell
- Intracellular osmotic pressure increases
- More water moves into the cell by osmosis, causing cell swelling
hydropic swelling - CORRECT ANSWER>>>tissue and organ
swelling (ex. hepatomegaly, splenomegaly)
intracellular accumulations - CORRECT ANSWER>>>excess
accumulations of substances in cells
- normal substances: fat, proteins, glucose (altered metabolism,
genetic disorders)
- pigments, minerals
- denatured / misfolded proteins
types of cellular accumulation - CORRECT ANSWER>>>- fatty
liver: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
- lysosomal storage disease (gaucher disease)
, - pigmentation (jaundice): buildup of bilirubin; often some kind of
liver disease or problem with RBCs
- build up of protein (limiting protein damage): the body has built
in mechanism to repair cells that have excess misfolded protein;
by chaperones that repair or refold and ubiquitin proteasome
complex that breaks them down
adaptive cellular responses: atrophy - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>decreased CELL SIZE
adaptive cellular responses: hypertrophy - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>increased CELL SIZE
adaptive cellular responses: hyperplasia - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>increased CELL NUMBER
adaptive cellular responses: metaplasia - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>conversion of one cell type to another
adaptive cellular responses: dysplasia - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>disorderly growth
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE 2024 FINAL
EXAM 1 AND 2 MODULE 1-10
tissue hypoxia - CORRECT ANSWER>>>most often caused by
ischemia; causes power failure in the cell
ischemia - CORRECT ANSWER>>>- most common cause of cell
injury and injures cells faster than hypoxia alone
- poor blood flow / combination of disruption of oxygen supply with
accumulation of metabolic waste
types of reversible cellular injuries - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>cellular accumulations, cellular adaptation
types of irreversible cellular injuries - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>necrosis, apoptosis, cellular injury
what causes ischemia and hypoxic injury - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>- nutritional deficiencies
- infectious and immunologic responses
- chemical injuries
- physical and mechanical injuries
,- radiation induced injuries (marie curie)
how ischemia causes cells to swell - CORRECT ANSWER>>>-
ATP production decreases
- Many sodium ions move into the cell ; fewer potassium ions
move out of the cell
- Intracellular osmotic pressure increases
- More water moves into the cell by osmosis, causing cell swelling
hydropic swelling - CORRECT ANSWER>>>tissue and organ
swelling (ex. hepatomegaly, splenomegaly)
intracellular accumulations - CORRECT ANSWER>>>excess
accumulations of substances in cells
- normal substances: fat, proteins, glucose (altered metabolism,
genetic disorders)
- pigments, minerals
- denatured / misfolded proteins
types of cellular accumulation - CORRECT ANSWER>>>- fatty
liver: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
- lysosomal storage disease (gaucher disease)
, - pigmentation (jaundice): buildup of bilirubin; often some kind of
liver disease or problem with RBCs
- build up of protein (limiting protein damage): the body has built
in mechanism to repair cells that have excess misfolded protein;
by chaperones that repair or refold and ubiquitin proteasome
complex that breaks them down
adaptive cellular responses: atrophy - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>decreased CELL SIZE
adaptive cellular responses: hypertrophy - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>increased CELL SIZE
adaptive cellular responses: hyperplasia - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>increased CELL NUMBER
adaptive cellular responses: metaplasia - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>conversion of one cell type to another
adaptive cellular responses: dysplasia - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>disorderly growth
