NURS 5334 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY MODULE 2 | COMPLETE QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS | 2026 LATEST UPDATED| 100% RATED CORRECT | GET A+!!
physiologic changes during pregnancy & drug impact - (Answer)- 3rd trimester = renal blood
doubles, renal excretion accelerated
- tone and mobility of bowel decreases -> prolongation of drug effects
placental drug transfer - (Answer)all drugs can cross the placenta, some cross more easily than others
adverse reactions during pregnancy - (Answer)can adversely affect both pregnant pt and fetus
- heparin -> osteoporosis
- prostaglandins -> stimulate uterine contraction
- some pain relievers can be used during delivery can cause respiratory depression in baby
teratogenesis birth defects - (Answer)gross malformations = cleft palate, clubfoot, hydrocephalus
neurobehavioral & metabolic anomalies
3 stages of teratogenesis development - (Answer)1. conception through week 2
,2. embryonic period week 3-8 = gross malformations
3. fetal period week 9-delivery = functions disrupted w/ teratogen exposure
embryonic stages - (Answer)
identification of teratogens - (Answer)difficult to identify, 3 criteria must be met:
1. The agent must be present during the critical stage of development
2. The agent produces a particular pattern of birth defects in animal studies.
3. The agent crosses the placenta and there is a dose-response relationship.
responding to teratogen exposure - (Answer)Determine when the drug was taken
Determine when the pregnancy began
-Weeks 3-8 (organogenesis) is most crucial time
Determine type of malformation expected
,Conduct 2 US and consult FDA to determine severity
how to decrease risk of drug effects during breastfeeding - (Answer)- take drugs immediately after
breastfeeding
- avoid drugs w/ long half-lives
- choose drugs that tend to be excluded from milk, least likely to affect infant
- avoid hazardous drugs
pediatric response to drugs - (Answer)- more sensitive to drugs
- greater individual variation
- sensitivity d/t organ system immaturity
- increased risk for adverse rxns
determining the intensity of duration of drug response in neonates & infants - (Answer)- elevated
drug levels = more intense response
- delayed elimination = prolonged response
- immaturity of organs = risk for both^
, comparison of plasma drug levels in adults and infants - (Answer)
increased sensitivity in infants caused by immature state of... - (Answer)absorption, protein binding
of drugs, BBB, hepatic metabolism, renal drug excretion
infant absorption: oral administration - (Answer)prolonged and irregular gastric
adult function at 6-8 months
infant absorption: gastric acidity - (Answer)- very low 24 hours after birth
- does not reach adult values for 2 years
- low acidity = absorption of acid-labile drugs is increased
infant absorption: intramuscular admin - (Answer)slow, erratic, delayed absorption as results of low
blood flow in 1st few days of life
in early infancy, absorption of IM drugs more rapid than neonates & adults
AND ANSWERS | 2026 LATEST UPDATED| 100% RATED CORRECT | GET A+!!
physiologic changes during pregnancy & drug impact - (Answer)- 3rd trimester = renal blood
doubles, renal excretion accelerated
- tone and mobility of bowel decreases -> prolongation of drug effects
placental drug transfer - (Answer)all drugs can cross the placenta, some cross more easily than others
adverse reactions during pregnancy - (Answer)can adversely affect both pregnant pt and fetus
- heparin -> osteoporosis
- prostaglandins -> stimulate uterine contraction
- some pain relievers can be used during delivery can cause respiratory depression in baby
teratogenesis birth defects - (Answer)gross malformations = cleft palate, clubfoot, hydrocephalus
neurobehavioral & metabolic anomalies
3 stages of teratogenesis development - (Answer)1. conception through week 2
,2. embryonic period week 3-8 = gross malformations
3. fetal period week 9-delivery = functions disrupted w/ teratogen exposure
embryonic stages - (Answer)
identification of teratogens - (Answer)difficult to identify, 3 criteria must be met:
1. The agent must be present during the critical stage of development
2. The agent produces a particular pattern of birth defects in animal studies.
3. The agent crosses the placenta and there is a dose-response relationship.
responding to teratogen exposure - (Answer)Determine when the drug was taken
Determine when the pregnancy began
-Weeks 3-8 (organogenesis) is most crucial time
Determine type of malformation expected
,Conduct 2 US and consult FDA to determine severity
how to decrease risk of drug effects during breastfeeding - (Answer)- take drugs immediately after
breastfeeding
- avoid drugs w/ long half-lives
- choose drugs that tend to be excluded from milk, least likely to affect infant
- avoid hazardous drugs
pediatric response to drugs - (Answer)- more sensitive to drugs
- greater individual variation
- sensitivity d/t organ system immaturity
- increased risk for adverse rxns
determining the intensity of duration of drug response in neonates & infants - (Answer)- elevated
drug levels = more intense response
- delayed elimination = prolonged response
- immaturity of organs = risk for both^
, comparison of plasma drug levels in adults and infants - (Answer)
increased sensitivity in infants caused by immature state of... - (Answer)absorption, protein binding
of drugs, BBB, hepatic metabolism, renal drug excretion
infant absorption: oral administration - (Answer)prolonged and irregular gastric
adult function at 6-8 months
infant absorption: gastric acidity - (Answer)- very low 24 hours after birth
- does not reach adult values for 2 years
- low acidity = absorption of acid-labile drugs is increased
infant absorption: intramuscular admin - (Answer)slow, erratic, delayed absorption as results of low
blood flow in 1st few days of life
in early infancy, absorption of IM drugs more rapid than neonates & adults
