theories of crime wjec level 3
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criminology exam with verified answers
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xyy |theory |(jacobs) |- |ANSWER✔✔✔-- |xyy |syndrome |is |where |men |have |an |extra |y |
chromosome
- |xyy |men |are |said |to |be |more |aggressive |and |violent
- |jacobs |argued |that |this |was |true |as |xyy |men |are |overrepresented |in |prison |populations |(15 |
per |1000 |in |prisons, |1 |per |1000 |in |general |population)
twin |studies |(lange |& |christiansen) |- |ANSWER✔✔✔-- |is |crime |a |heritable |trait?
- |testing |the |concordance |rates |of |criminal |activity |between |mz |and |dz |twins
- |lange |- |mz |twins |had |higher |concordance |rates |than |dz |twins
- |christiansen |- |concordance |rates |were |highest |in |mz |male |twins |and |lowest |in |female |dz |
twins
adoption |studies |(hutchings |& |mednick) |- |ANSWER✔✔✔-- |is |crime |biological |(parents) |or |
nature |(adopted |parents)?
- |hutchings |and |mednick |- |higher |proportions |of |boys |with |criminal |convictions |had |biological |
parents |with |convictions |too
- |mednick |- |no |relationship |between |criminal |activity |and |adoptive |parents |and |children
atavistic |features |(lombroso) |- |ANSWER✔✔✔-- |born |criminal
- |criminals |had |atavistic |features |(e.g. |high |cheekbones |and |large |ears)
- |found |that |40% |of |criminal |acts |were |accounted |for |by |atavistic |characteristics
somatotypes |(sheldon) |- |ANSWER✔✔✔-- |endomorphs |- |sociable |and |relaxed |(fat |and |soft)
- |ectomorphs |- |introverted |and |restrained |(thin |and |fragile)
, - |mesomorphs |- |aggressive |and |adventurous |(muscular |and |hard)
- |mesomorphs |most |likely |to |commit |crime
brain |abnormality |(raine) |- |ANSWER✔✔✔-- |damage |to |the |pre-frontal |cortex |can |change |an |
individual's |behaviour
- |raine |studied |pet |scans |of |impulsive |killers
- |damage |to |the |pre-frontal |cortex |was |found |in |the |criminals
neurochemicals |(scerbo |& |raine) |- |ANSWER✔✔✔-- |brain's |chemistry |can |be |influenced |by |diet
- |low |levels |of |serotonin |can |cause |higher |aggression
- |scerbo |and |raine |(found |low |serotonin |levels |in |anti-social |individuals)
- |steroids |make |people |violent |and |increase |testosterone
social |learning |theory |(bandura) |- |ANSWER✔✔✔-- |people |learn |by |watching |others' |behaviour
- |bandura's |bobo |doll |experiment
- |3 |groups |(one |given |an |aggressive |role |model, |one |given |a |non-aggressive |role |model, |one |
control |group)
- |observational |learning |can |take |place |in |the |family, |in |subcultures |and |media
- |james |bulger |case |and |the |child's |play |3 |theory
psychodynamic |theory |(freud) |- |ANSWER✔✔✔-- |behaviour |is |learnt |from |when |we |were |a |
child
- |our |psyche |is |divided |into |3 |parts
- |the |id, |the |ego |and |the |superego
- |the |superego |causes |us |to |commit |crime
- |3 |types |of |superego |(weak, |strong |and |deviant)
- |non-criminals |have |a |balance |of |all |3 |psyche |components
| | | | | |
criminology exam with verified answers
| | | |
xyy |theory |(jacobs) |- |ANSWER✔✔✔-- |xyy |syndrome |is |where |men |have |an |extra |y |
chromosome
- |xyy |men |are |said |to |be |more |aggressive |and |violent
- |jacobs |argued |that |this |was |true |as |xyy |men |are |overrepresented |in |prison |populations |(15 |
per |1000 |in |prisons, |1 |per |1000 |in |general |population)
twin |studies |(lange |& |christiansen) |- |ANSWER✔✔✔-- |is |crime |a |heritable |trait?
- |testing |the |concordance |rates |of |criminal |activity |between |mz |and |dz |twins
- |lange |- |mz |twins |had |higher |concordance |rates |than |dz |twins
- |christiansen |- |concordance |rates |were |highest |in |mz |male |twins |and |lowest |in |female |dz |
twins
adoption |studies |(hutchings |& |mednick) |- |ANSWER✔✔✔-- |is |crime |biological |(parents) |or |
nature |(adopted |parents)?
- |hutchings |and |mednick |- |higher |proportions |of |boys |with |criminal |convictions |had |biological |
parents |with |convictions |too
- |mednick |- |no |relationship |between |criminal |activity |and |adoptive |parents |and |children
atavistic |features |(lombroso) |- |ANSWER✔✔✔-- |born |criminal
- |criminals |had |atavistic |features |(e.g. |high |cheekbones |and |large |ears)
- |found |that |40% |of |criminal |acts |were |accounted |for |by |atavistic |characteristics
somatotypes |(sheldon) |- |ANSWER✔✔✔-- |endomorphs |- |sociable |and |relaxed |(fat |and |soft)
- |ectomorphs |- |introverted |and |restrained |(thin |and |fragile)
, - |mesomorphs |- |aggressive |and |adventurous |(muscular |and |hard)
- |mesomorphs |most |likely |to |commit |crime
brain |abnormality |(raine) |- |ANSWER✔✔✔-- |damage |to |the |pre-frontal |cortex |can |change |an |
individual's |behaviour
- |raine |studied |pet |scans |of |impulsive |killers
- |damage |to |the |pre-frontal |cortex |was |found |in |the |criminals
neurochemicals |(scerbo |& |raine) |- |ANSWER✔✔✔-- |brain's |chemistry |can |be |influenced |by |diet
- |low |levels |of |serotonin |can |cause |higher |aggression
- |scerbo |and |raine |(found |low |serotonin |levels |in |anti-social |individuals)
- |steroids |make |people |violent |and |increase |testosterone
social |learning |theory |(bandura) |- |ANSWER✔✔✔-- |people |learn |by |watching |others' |behaviour
- |bandura's |bobo |doll |experiment
- |3 |groups |(one |given |an |aggressive |role |model, |one |given |a |non-aggressive |role |model, |one |
control |group)
- |observational |learning |can |take |place |in |the |family, |in |subcultures |and |media
- |james |bulger |case |and |the |child's |play |3 |theory
psychodynamic |theory |(freud) |- |ANSWER✔✔✔-- |behaviour |is |learnt |from |when |we |were |a |
child
- |our |psyche |is |divided |into |3 |parts
- |the |id, |the |ego |and |the |superego
- |the |superego |causes |us |to |commit |crime
- |3 |types |of |superego |(weak, |strong |and |deviant)
- |non-criminals |have |a |balance |of |all |3 |psyche |components
