Table of Contents
Inleiding......................................................................................6
Kennis van media-effecten komt vaak van…..........................................6
Morele paniek in huidige samenleving..................................................6
Wetenschap.........................................................................................6
Doelen............................................................................................................................... 6
Hoe worden doelen bereikt?............................................................................................. 6
Geschiedenis van media-effecten onderzoek.........................................7
Kleine effectgroottes......................................................................................................... 7
Uitdagingen voor toekomstig media-effecten onderzoek..................................................7
Inhoudsanalyse....................................................................................8
Case: social media............................................................................................................ 8
Survey................................................................................................9
Case: social media............................................................................................................ 9
Zoektocht naar causale verbanden.......................................................9
Experiment........................................................................................10
Case: televisie...................................................................................10
Controverse van experimenten.......................................................................................10
Meta-analyse.....................................................................................10
Agendasetting............................................................................ 11
Historische context............................................................................11
Recente studies.................................................................................11
Acapulco typologie.............................................................................12
Niveau’s van agendasetting................................................................12
2de niveau (=attribute agendasetting)...........................................................................13
Need for orientation (NFO).................................................................13
Gevolgen van agendasetting..............................................................13
Bepaling van media-agenda............................................................................................14
Case: COVID19...................................................................................14
Framing..................................................................................... 15
Disciplinaire oorsprong......................................................................15
Attributietheorie (Heider)................................................................................................ 15
Framing analysis (Goffman)............................................................................................ 15
Reference dependency (Kahneman & Tversky)..............................................................16
, Verwante processen...........................................................................16
Information effect........................................................................................................... 16
Persuasion effect............................................................................................................. 16
Agenda-setting effects.................................................................................................... 16
Framing in communicatie onderzoek...................................................17
Frame building................................................................................................................ 17
Frame identificatie.......................................................................................................... 17
Frame setting.................................................................................................................. 18
Problemen met framing onderzoek.....................................................18
Cultivation theory.......................................................................18
Methodes..........................................................................................19
Cultivatie onderzoek..........................................................................19
Patronen in specifieke genres.........................................................................................20
Mainstreaming...................................................................................20
Internationale context........................................................................20
Cultivation theory in de 21ste eeuw....................................................20
Social cognition (Schrum)...................................................................21
Psychologische processen van cultivatie.........................................................................21
Process model van cultivatie (1st order).........................................................................21
Process model van cultivatie (2nd order)........................................................................22
Priming...................................................................................... 22
Media priming....................................................................................22
Stereotypen.................................................................................................................... 23
Modellen die priming uitleggen...........................................................23
Network models of memory............................................................................................23
Neo-associationistisch model (Berkowitz).......................................................................24
General affective aggression model (Anderson)..............................................................24
Price & Tewksbury’s model of political priming...............................................................24
Problemen met de modellen........................................................................................... 25
Mental models of memory..................................................................25
Elaboration likelihood model.......................................................25
Theorieën rond attitudeverandering...................................................26
Communication/persuasion matrix model of media effects (McGuire)............................26
Cognitive respons theory................................................................................................26
Elaboration likelihood model (Petty & Cacioppo)..................................26
Verschillende rollen van dezelfde elementen van de boodschap....................................27
Link tussen attitude en gedrag...........................................................27
Theory of reasoned action/planned behavior (Azjen)......................................................27
, Attitude-behaviour consistency/MODE model (Fazio)......................................................28
Social cognitive theory................................................................28
Agency..............................................................................................28
Symbolizing capacity...................................................................................................... 29
Self-regulatory capacity.................................................................................................. 29
Self-reflective capacity.................................................................................................... 29
Vicarious capability......................................................................................................... 30
Mechanismen van observationeel leren...............................................30
Motivational effects...........................................................................30
Ongewenste (transgressieve) effecten............................................................................31
Gewenste effecten.......................................................................................................... 31
Abstract modeling..............................................................................31
Vicarious arousal...............................................................................31
Constructie sociale werkelijkheid........................................................31
Social prompting................................................................................32
Soorten effecten................................................................................32
Uses and gratification theory (U&G)............................................32
Functionele benadering......................................................................33
U&G assumpties.................................................................................33
Typologieën van mediagebruiksmotieven............................................33
kritiek op U&G...................................................................................33
Soorten U&G onderzoek.....................................................................34
Case: pornografiegebruik tijdens COVID-19 pandemie....................................................34
Media uses & effects..........................................................................34
Individuele verschillen................................................................35
Enjoyment/emotionele reactie om media.............................................35
Verschillende behoeftes.................................................................................................. 35
Verschillende emotionele reacties..................................................................................35
Verschillende persoonlijkheidskenmerken......................................................................35
Verschillen in evaluaties.................................................................................................35
Selectieve blootstelling, interpretatie en herinnering van media..........36
Selectieve blootstelling................................................................................................... 36
Selectieve perceptie/interpretatie...................................................................................36
Selectieve herinnering.................................................................................................... 36
Effecten van media op attitudes en gedrag..........................................36
Third-person effect (Davison) (TPE).............................................37
, Onderliggende processen van TPE......................................................37
Conditionele TPE effecten...................................................................37
Gevolgen van TPE op media-effecten...................................................38
Gastles 1: Geseksualiseerde media en pornografie.......................38
Jongeren en geseksualiseerde media..................................................38
(Sexual) media practice model........................................................................................ 39
Adolescenten en pornografie..............................................................40
Problemen met pornografie-onderzoek...........................................................................40
Differential susceptibility to media effects model...........................................................41
Sexting..............................................................................................41
Sexting onderzoeken...................................................................................................... 42
Profiel van jongeren die aan sexting doen......................................................................43
Link met ander risicogedrag............................................................................................ 43
Sexting en social learning theory (Ekers & Jennings)......................................................44
Welke rol speelt sexting binnen romantische relaties.....................................................44
Online disinhibitie-effect................................................................................................. 44
Gastles 2: body image & (social) media........................................44
Body image........................................................................................45
#fitspiration......................................................................................45
Risico’s van fitspiration (Xu)............................................................................................45
fitfluencers...................................................................................................................... 46
#bodypositivity..................................................................................47
Body image beschermen.....................................................................48
Geïntegreerde aanpak.................................................................................................... 48
Gastles 3: gokken en adolescenten..............................................48
Gokken..............................................................................................48
Gesimuleerd gokken...........................................................................49
Onderzoek naar gesimuleerd gokken..............................................................................49
Jongeren en gokreclame.....................................................................50
Kwalitatief onderzoek naar gokreclame..........................................................................50
Algemene conclusie............................................................................51
Gastles 4: effecten van digitale games.........................................51
Negatieve effecten.............................................................................51
Geweld in games & agressie........................................................................................... 51
Gameverslaving.............................................................................................................. 53
Seksualiserende game-inhouden....................................................................................54
Stereotypering................................................................................................................ 56
Inleiding......................................................................................6
Kennis van media-effecten komt vaak van…..........................................6
Morele paniek in huidige samenleving..................................................6
Wetenschap.........................................................................................6
Doelen............................................................................................................................... 6
Hoe worden doelen bereikt?............................................................................................. 6
Geschiedenis van media-effecten onderzoek.........................................7
Kleine effectgroottes......................................................................................................... 7
Uitdagingen voor toekomstig media-effecten onderzoek..................................................7
Inhoudsanalyse....................................................................................8
Case: social media............................................................................................................ 8
Survey................................................................................................9
Case: social media............................................................................................................ 9
Zoektocht naar causale verbanden.......................................................9
Experiment........................................................................................10
Case: televisie...................................................................................10
Controverse van experimenten.......................................................................................10
Meta-analyse.....................................................................................10
Agendasetting............................................................................ 11
Historische context............................................................................11
Recente studies.................................................................................11
Acapulco typologie.............................................................................12
Niveau’s van agendasetting................................................................12
2de niveau (=attribute agendasetting)...........................................................................13
Need for orientation (NFO).................................................................13
Gevolgen van agendasetting..............................................................13
Bepaling van media-agenda............................................................................................14
Case: COVID19...................................................................................14
Framing..................................................................................... 15
Disciplinaire oorsprong......................................................................15
Attributietheorie (Heider)................................................................................................ 15
Framing analysis (Goffman)............................................................................................ 15
Reference dependency (Kahneman & Tversky)..............................................................16
, Verwante processen...........................................................................16
Information effect........................................................................................................... 16
Persuasion effect............................................................................................................. 16
Agenda-setting effects.................................................................................................... 16
Framing in communicatie onderzoek...................................................17
Frame building................................................................................................................ 17
Frame identificatie.......................................................................................................... 17
Frame setting.................................................................................................................. 18
Problemen met framing onderzoek.....................................................18
Cultivation theory.......................................................................18
Methodes..........................................................................................19
Cultivatie onderzoek..........................................................................19
Patronen in specifieke genres.........................................................................................20
Mainstreaming...................................................................................20
Internationale context........................................................................20
Cultivation theory in de 21ste eeuw....................................................20
Social cognition (Schrum)...................................................................21
Psychologische processen van cultivatie.........................................................................21
Process model van cultivatie (1st order).........................................................................21
Process model van cultivatie (2nd order)........................................................................22
Priming...................................................................................... 22
Media priming....................................................................................22
Stereotypen.................................................................................................................... 23
Modellen die priming uitleggen...........................................................23
Network models of memory............................................................................................23
Neo-associationistisch model (Berkowitz).......................................................................24
General affective aggression model (Anderson)..............................................................24
Price & Tewksbury’s model of political priming...............................................................24
Problemen met de modellen........................................................................................... 25
Mental models of memory..................................................................25
Elaboration likelihood model.......................................................25
Theorieën rond attitudeverandering...................................................26
Communication/persuasion matrix model of media effects (McGuire)............................26
Cognitive respons theory................................................................................................26
Elaboration likelihood model (Petty & Cacioppo)..................................26
Verschillende rollen van dezelfde elementen van de boodschap....................................27
Link tussen attitude en gedrag...........................................................27
Theory of reasoned action/planned behavior (Azjen)......................................................27
, Attitude-behaviour consistency/MODE model (Fazio)......................................................28
Social cognitive theory................................................................28
Agency..............................................................................................28
Symbolizing capacity...................................................................................................... 29
Self-regulatory capacity.................................................................................................. 29
Self-reflective capacity.................................................................................................... 29
Vicarious capability......................................................................................................... 30
Mechanismen van observationeel leren...............................................30
Motivational effects...........................................................................30
Ongewenste (transgressieve) effecten............................................................................31
Gewenste effecten.......................................................................................................... 31
Abstract modeling..............................................................................31
Vicarious arousal...............................................................................31
Constructie sociale werkelijkheid........................................................31
Social prompting................................................................................32
Soorten effecten................................................................................32
Uses and gratification theory (U&G)............................................32
Functionele benadering......................................................................33
U&G assumpties.................................................................................33
Typologieën van mediagebruiksmotieven............................................33
kritiek op U&G...................................................................................33
Soorten U&G onderzoek.....................................................................34
Case: pornografiegebruik tijdens COVID-19 pandemie....................................................34
Media uses & effects..........................................................................34
Individuele verschillen................................................................35
Enjoyment/emotionele reactie om media.............................................35
Verschillende behoeftes.................................................................................................. 35
Verschillende emotionele reacties..................................................................................35
Verschillende persoonlijkheidskenmerken......................................................................35
Verschillen in evaluaties.................................................................................................35
Selectieve blootstelling, interpretatie en herinnering van media..........36
Selectieve blootstelling................................................................................................... 36
Selectieve perceptie/interpretatie...................................................................................36
Selectieve herinnering.................................................................................................... 36
Effecten van media op attitudes en gedrag..........................................36
Third-person effect (Davison) (TPE).............................................37
, Onderliggende processen van TPE......................................................37
Conditionele TPE effecten...................................................................37
Gevolgen van TPE op media-effecten...................................................38
Gastles 1: Geseksualiseerde media en pornografie.......................38
Jongeren en geseksualiseerde media..................................................38
(Sexual) media practice model........................................................................................ 39
Adolescenten en pornografie..............................................................40
Problemen met pornografie-onderzoek...........................................................................40
Differential susceptibility to media effects model...........................................................41
Sexting..............................................................................................41
Sexting onderzoeken...................................................................................................... 42
Profiel van jongeren die aan sexting doen......................................................................43
Link met ander risicogedrag............................................................................................ 43
Sexting en social learning theory (Ekers & Jennings)......................................................44
Welke rol speelt sexting binnen romantische relaties.....................................................44
Online disinhibitie-effect................................................................................................. 44
Gastles 2: body image & (social) media........................................44
Body image........................................................................................45
#fitspiration......................................................................................45
Risico’s van fitspiration (Xu)............................................................................................45
fitfluencers...................................................................................................................... 46
#bodypositivity..................................................................................47
Body image beschermen.....................................................................48
Geïntegreerde aanpak.................................................................................................... 48
Gastles 3: gokken en adolescenten..............................................48
Gokken..............................................................................................48
Gesimuleerd gokken...........................................................................49
Onderzoek naar gesimuleerd gokken..............................................................................49
Jongeren en gokreclame.....................................................................50
Kwalitatief onderzoek naar gokreclame..........................................................................50
Algemene conclusie............................................................................51
Gastles 4: effecten van digitale games.........................................51
Negatieve effecten.............................................................................51
Geweld in games & agressie........................................................................................... 51
Gameverslaving.............................................................................................................. 53
Seksualiserende game-inhouden....................................................................................54
Stereotypering................................................................................................................ 56
