HCR 240 Pathophysiology - Midterm review (Modules 1 -
3) UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
How to study for the midterm 1) Study more than this quizlet! Use these resources:
https://sites.google.com/view/patho-links/
2) Study for 15-30 minutes every day
3) Actively practice remembering information - don't just re-read your notes!
Etiology The original cause of a cellular alteration or disease
Histology Microscopic study of tissues and cells
Biopsy Extracts a cell sample from an organ or mass of tissue to allow for histological
examination
Pathognomonic changes Unique, identifying disease presentations
Atrophy Decrease in cell size
Hypertrophy Increase in cell size
Hyperplasia Increase in number of cells
Metaplasia Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
, Dysplasia Abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs
Neoplasia New and abnormal development of cells that may be benign or malignant
Hypoxia Oxygen deprivation
Apoptosis Programmed cell death
Necrosis Cell death caused by injury
Infarction ischemic necrosis; death of tissue as a consequence of prolonged ischemia
Gangrene Condition when prolonged ischemia causes tissue necrosis followed by
bacterial infection
Cystic fibrosis Autosomal recessive disorder that primarily impacts the pancreas and
respiratory system.
Mutations in CFTR protein lead to decreased calcium permeability and mucus
thickening
Tay Sachs Disease Autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease that affects the nervous
system.
Mutation in HEXA gene results in accumulation of gangliosides in neurons and
progressive neurodegeneration.
Down Syndrome Trisomy 21; most common chromosomal disorder in humans and the most
common cause of intellectual disability.
Huntington's Disease Autosomal dominant disease characterized by progressive neurodegeneration,
especially in areas regulation motor control.
Caused by CAG repeats in the HTT gene.
>36 repeats = disease
Classic signs of inflammation Swelling
Loss of function
Pain
Heat
Redness
Acute inflammation Occurs rapidly in reaction to cell injury, rids the body of the offending agent,
enhances healing, and terminates after a short period, either hours or a few
days
Purulent exudate Pus; fluid that is rich in protein and cellular debris
Abscess A localized, walled-off collection of purulent exudate (pus)
3) UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
How to study for the midterm 1) Study more than this quizlet! Use these resources:
https://sites.google.com/view/patho-links/
2) Study for 15-30 minutes every day
3) Actively practice remembering information - don't just re-read your notes!
Etiology The original cause of a cellular alteration or disease
Histology Microscopic study of tissues and cells
Biopsy Extracts a cell sample from an organ or mass of tissue to allow for histological
examination
Pathognomonic changes Unique, identifying disease presentations
Atrophy Decrease in cell size
Hypertrophy Increase in cell size
Hyperplasia Increase in number of cells
Metaplasia Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
, Dysplasia Abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs
Neoplasia New and abnormal development of cells that may be benign or malignant
Hypoxia Oxygen deprivation
Apoptosis Programmed cell death
Necrosis Cell death caused by injury
Infarction ischemic necrosis; death of tissue as a consequence of prolonged ischemia
Gangrene Condition when prolonged ischemia causes tissue necrosis followed by
bacterial infection
Cystic fibrosis Autosomal recessive disorder that primarily impacts the pancreas and
respiratory system.
Mutations in CFTR protein lead to decreased calcium permeability and mucus
thickening
Tay Sachs Disease Autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease that affects the nervous
system.
Mutation in HEXA gene results in accumulation of gangliosides in neurons and
progressive neurodegeneration.
Down Syndrome Trisomy 21; most common chromosomal disorder in humans and the most
common cause of intellectual disability.
Huntington's Disease Autosomal dominant disease characterized by progressive neurodegeneration,
especially in areas regulation motor control.
Caused by CAG repeats in the HTT gene.
>36 repeats = disease
Classic signs of inflammation Swelling
Loss of function
Pain
Heat
Redness
Acute inflammation Occurs rapidly in reaction to cell injury, rids the body of the offending agent,
enhances healing, and terminates after a short period, either hours or a few
days
Purulent exudate Pus; fluid that is rich in protein and cellular debris
Abscess A localized, walled-off collection of purulent exudate (pus)
